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President John F Kennedy issues Executive Order 10925, which creates a Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity and mandates federal funds to " take affirmative action" to ensure hiring practices are free of racial bias.
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Civil Rights Act prohibits discrimation of all kinds based on race, color, religion, or national origin.
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President Johnson gives exective order that requires government contractors to "take affirmative action" toward prospective minority employees in all aspects of hiring and employment. Contractors must have specific measures to ensure equality in hiring and document these efforts.
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Supreme Court case imposed limitations on affirmative action to ensure that providing greater opportunies for minorities did not come at the expense of the rights of the majority-affirmative action was unfair if it led to reverse discrimation. Involved Univ. of Califorina, Davis Medical school, which had two different admission pools, one for standard applicants and one for minority applications. It reserved spots for the later group, even if they were less qualified students.
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The Supreme Court applies "strict-scrutiny test" to invalidate a local government's minority contracting set-aside program,which set aside 30% of city construction funds for black-owned firms. The court declared that the set-aside unrelated to any proven harm to minorities.
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This was similiar to Richmond V. Croson but for federal programs. The court called for "Strict scrutiny" in determining whether discrimination existed before implementing a federal affirmtive action program.
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A state ban on all forms of affirmative action was passed in Califorina: "The state shall not discriminate against, or grant preferential treatment to, any individual or group on the basis of race, sex, color, ethnicity, or national origin in the operation of public employment, public education, or public contracting.
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Florida legislature approves education component of Gov. Jeb Bush's "One Florida" initiative, aimed at ending affirmative action in the state.
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In Gratz V. Bollinger, a federal judge ruled that the use of race as a factor in admissions at the University of Michigan was constitutional. Said it allowed for benefits derived from a diverse student body.
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In Parents V. Seattle and Meredith V. Jefferson, affirmative action suffers a setback when a bitterly divided court rules, 5 to 4 that programs in Seattle and Louisville, Ky, which tried to maintain diversity in schools by considering race when assigning students to schools, was unconstitutional.
