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Theodor Schwwann concluded that fermentation is the result of living things
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The Fench chemist Louis Pasteur determined that fermentation is caused by yeast.
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Eduard Buchner recieved the Noble prize for showing that enzymes in yeast, not the yeast cells themselves, cause fermentation
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Arthur Harden and Hans Euler-Chelpin discovered how exactly how enzymes cause fermentation. They won the Noble prize for their work.
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Technology was developed to use fermentation to produce antibioticts.