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Series of international diplomatic meetings to discuss and agree upon a possible new layout of the European political and constitutional order -
Established a police-state regime of surveillance and repression, designed to keep a tight lid on any opposition activity, in the German Confederation. -
Holy alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria issued the Troppau protocol that stable governments could intervene to restore order in countries experiencing a revolution. -
A conference of the allied sovereigns or their representatives was held in 1821, which was the decided attempt of the five Great Powers to settle international problems after the Napoleonic Wars -
Demonstration purposed to protest the appointment of Nicholas I as Tsar after the death of his brother Alexander I. -
It led to the overthrow of King Charles X, the French Bourbon monarch, and the ascent of his cousin Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans. -
In England, the house of commons emerges as the dominant legislative body and 12% of people were able to vote. -
A series of republican revolts against European monarchies, beginning in Sicily and spreading to France, Germany, Italy, and the Austrian Empire. -
The Crimean War was fought from October 1853 to February 1856 between Russia and an ultimately victorious alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, the United Kingdom and Sardinia-Piedmont. -
The unification of Italy, also known as the Risorgimento, was the 19th-century political and social movement that resulted in the consolidation of different states of the Italian Peninsula into a single state in 1861, the Kingdom of Italy. -
The Austro-Prussian War was part of the wider rivalry between Austria and Prussia, and resulted in Prussian dominance over the German states. The major result of the war was a shift in power among the German states away from Austrian and towards Prussian hegemony. -
Austrians and Hungarians shared power. -
Prussia defeated France and France gave Alsace and Lorraine to Germany. -
The unification of Germany was the process of building the modern German nation-state with federal features based on the concept of Lesser Germany -
The First Sino-Japanese War was the conflict between Japan and China in 1894–95 that marked the emergence of Japan as a major world power and demonstrated the weakness of the Chinese empire. -
King Leopold of Belgium dies and Albert I, the son of Leopold's brother, inherits the throne. -
Beginning of first World War that lasts until 1918 -
The Baltic States, also known as the Baltic countries, is a geopolitical term that usually refers to the three sovereign states on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. -
The First Five-Year Plan called for the collectivization of agriculture and the expansion of heavy industry, like fuel extraction, energy generation, and steel production. -
Also called the Great Crash, a sharp decline in U.S. stock market values in 1929 that contributed to the Great Depression of the 1930s. The Great Depression lasted approximately 10 years and affected both industrialized and nonindustrialized countries in many parts of the world. -
Hitler's rise to power was completed in August 1934 when President Paul von Hindenburg died. Hitler merged the Chancellorship with the Presidency and became the Führer of Germany. -
The Spanish Civil War broke out in July, 1936, after a group of conservative military tried to overthrow the progressive government of the Popular Front, elected in February of the same year. -
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945. The vast majority of the world's countries, including all of the great powers, fought as part of two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. -
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was formed in 1949 as a response to the hostility between the Soviet Union and the West as a measure of security. -
The Warsaw Pact was a collective defence treaty established by the Soviet Union and seven other Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe: Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania -
Were the first of several massive protests against the communist government of the Polish People's Republic. Demonstrations by workers demanding better working conditions began on 28 June 1956 at Poznań's Cegielski Factories and were met with violent repression. -
The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, commonly known as the Second Vatican Council, or Vatican II, was the 21st ecumenical council of the Catholic Church. -
The Prague Spring was a period of political liberalization and mass protest in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. -
Separating East Berlin and the German Democratic Republic, it finally fell in 1989. -
The agreement acknowledged: that the majority of the people of Northern Ireland wished to remain a part of the United Kingdom; that a substantial section of the people of Northern Ireland, and the majority of the people of the island of Ireland, wished to bring about a united Ireland.