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The New York House of Refuge opens
The nation's first juvenile reformatory. Reformatory keepers generally followed three guidelines:
1. White males received the full benefits of reform and were trained as skilled artisans and farmers
2. Black males were either denied admission or trained in manual labor
3. Females were prepared for roles as wives and or domestics -
Education for women is minimal
In the early 1800's females who did attend school tended to be looked down upon. -
New York State College Exam system begins
In the early 1800's The New York State College Exam system was established. This system allowed all students access to college preperatory curriculum. -
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Educators
Usually, only one teacher is employed at each school. Also, there is a good chance that the students attending the school may be older then their teacher. Emphasis is being placed on reading, math, penmanship and manners. Teachers test their students dailey using oral quizzes, reciation exercises and drills. Often, teachers stay with families of their students and their supplies include: A chalkboard, chalk and an assortment of books. -
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Schools and Classrooms
Typical classrooms have few furnishing or decorations. The design of the school itself is minimalistic and representative of the working class farm families who are sending their children there. Schools are built and maintained by parents and community members and are attracting students of all ages and skill levels. -
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The Normal School period
Normal schools emerged as a more formalized system for training teachers. These schools replaced the former practice of older students tutoring younger students. The establishment of student teaching dominated the normal school period. Eventually, normal schools would transform into teachers' colleges as well as liberal arts universities. -
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Industrial Revolution
Developments and inventions during the Industrial Revolution rapidly changed the economy and demography of the nation, including its system of education.
Maurice Berube said, in his book American Presidents and Education (1991), the U.S. was the “leading industrial nation in the world” by 1890 (p. 7), creating an increasing demand for skilled workers. Higher education was still minimal, but public education was steadily increasing with the shift from agriculture to industry (Berube, 1991). -
Charles Beck becomes first American P.E. Teacher
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The Linden Wood School for Girls open
The first institution for higher education for women west of the Mississippi. Still in existence and now known as Lindenwood University in St. Charles, Missouri -
Peter Parley Textbooks by Samuel Griswold Goodrich published
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The first American Dictionary of the English Language was published by Noah Webster
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The Yale Report is Published
This document, published by Yale, called for the need to remain with traditional curriculum. The direction of the University would remain with Latin and Greek rather than with newer courses in modern languages, math, and science. -
Williams Holmes McGuffey Readers become popular. (Sass, 2010)
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Friedrich Froebel Invents Kindergarten
Froebel emphasized the education of children's senses and perceptions in ways that are playful and spontaneous. He believed that children can educate themselves as they interact with the nature around them. He invented the idea of "Gifts" and "Occupations". Gifts are structured physical manipulatives that children play and interact with such as, blocks, or legos. Occupations are materials that children can shape and manipulate as they desire and include things such as paint, sand, & clay. -
Massachusetts funds “normal” schools for teacher education. (Sass, 2010)
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Women begin to educate themselves
In the mid 1800's women begin to educate themselves in order to better their lives and the lives of their children. -
funding for private schools- Pennsylvania Training School for Feeble-Minded Children. (Sass, 2010)
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Rev. John Miller Dickey opens Ashmun Institute
Located in Philadelphia, Ashmun Institute today is know as Lincoln University. It was the first university to provide higher education for people with African ancestry in America. -
Elizabeth Peabody opens the first formal Kindergarten in the U.S.
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Dio Lewis establishes the School of Gymnastics
The School of Gymanastics was established to provide a gymnasium for physical activity in schools that would inspire all schools to implement Physical Education classes. -
Secondary schools in Massachusetts offer over 50 subjects.
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Civil War begins
Confederates attack U.S. military at Fort Sumter, marking the beginning of the Civil War. -
Emancipation Proclamation
President Abraham Lincoln made this historical proclamation that “all persons held as slaves…are, and henceforward shall be free" (National Archives and Records Administration, n.d. b). Many more years would pass before education for blacks and whites would be truly desegregated, but this proclamation was a stepping stone toward that end. -
Civil War ends
General Robert E. Lee offered his surrender to Ulysses S. Grant, bringing the Civil War to an end. -
13th Amendment Ratified
The 13th Amendment was ratified, making slavery officially unconstitutional (U.S. Const. amend. XIII). -
Harvard establishes the first University school of dentistry
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Department of Education Established
Following great debate over federal involvement in education, the Department of Education was established. The intended purpose of the department at the time was to gather useful information for bettering education across the nation. Even this limited role was controversial. Many argued that the role of the federal government in education was not specifically defined in the Constitution, and that therefore the department's existence was unconstitutional (U.S. Department of Education, 2009). -
Department of Education demoted to Office of Education
(U.S. Department of Education, 2009) -
Princeton Hires James McCosh as its President
McCosh supported the persuit of research and discovery. Hiring McCosh marks the beginning of Princeton's move towards a research based university. -
14th Amendment Ratified
This amendment further established the rights of all U.S. citizens. The Equal Protection Clause in section 2 of this amendment played a central role in the future ruling in the landmark Brown vs. Board of Education case of 1954 (National Archive and Records Administration, n.d. a). -
Charles W. Eliot Elected President of Harvard University & Chairman of the Committe of Ten
Believed in the idea that the way to improve society is by improving the Intelligence of individuals. He believed this could be accomplished by developing people's mental power by studying their cultural heritage. Eliot is still the longest serving president of Harvard with 40 years in office. While in office he helped to desecularize Harvard, and was instrumental in developing the modern research based model of universities in America. -
John White - The Massachusetts Drawing Act
This Act made it possible to have free drawing classes for cities of populations of 10,000 or more. The Act also made it mandatory that all state schools make art a required subject in school. -
15th Amendment Ratified
The 15th Amendment established voting rights for U.S. citizens regardless of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude" (U.S. Const. amend. XV). -
Yale University Hires Noah Porter as its President
Upon being hired as president Porter states, “The higher education should aim at intellectual culture and training rather than at the acquisition of knowledge, and it should respect remote rather than immediate results.” As a result of his conservative views Princeton continues on without much movement towards the research model for universities. -
University of Pennsylvania Moves
The university moves into a new area allowing for more space for its medical school. This indicates the shift of importance towards a research model for the university. -
Anna Ticknor founder of The Society to Encourage Studies at Home supports women’s education. (Sass, 2010)
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The Civil Rights Act is passed
Banned all segregation in all public accommodations. The Supreme Court rules it's unconstitutional in 1883. -
Melvil Dewey patents the Dewey Decimal System
This becomes the most widely used classification system in public librarie. -
John Hopkins University is Founded
John Hopkins was started as a new idea to the American university system. Research and discovery would drive their curriculum. Known of as the research model for universities, this idea was common in Europe universities. -
Lester F. Ward founer of Sociology publishes first book, Dynamic Sociology
Ward believed in equality of women and all classes of races in society. He believed that this equality could be achieved by universal education. -
William Harris appointed U.S. Commissioner of Education
Served as Commissioner of Education from 1889-1906 and a member of the Committee of Ten and the Committee of Fifteen.
Believed that the purpose of education is to provide individuals with the accumulated knowledge of the human race by having them study certain academic subjects. He argued that all children should have access to an excellent education, not just the children of the wealth (Ravitch, 2000a pp. 32-38) -
Hull House is founded by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr, offering education to immigrants. (Sass, 2010)
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Jean Piaget
Piaget introduces the use of schemas, experience and play into education. -
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Horace Mann & Henry Barnard
Mann and Barnard are two of the most prominent figures in the field of curriculum studies. At this time, prominent figures in curriculum sudies are pushing for a universal sschooling system. -
James Naismith invents basketball
Naismith's invention of basketball soon spreads accross the country and starts to become part of school recreational programs. -
National Education Association attempted to conclude what should be learned and taught in science. (Kridel, 2010)
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Princeton University Changes its Name
Formerly known of as the College of New Jersey, Princeton acknowledges its intent to have graduate level curriculum. -
Female colleges begin to appear across the U.S.
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The Association of American Universities is Founded
Harvard and thirteen other universities found the Association of American Universities with the goal to standardize American doctoral programs. -
Princeton University Establishes a Graduate Program
Four years after calling itself a university, Princeton begins offering graduate level classes.