Unit 6 Timeline

By jbedon
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    Andrew Jackson Presidency

  • Limited Liability Laws Passed

    These laws encouraged the transformation of businesses and their growth as citizens can start buying stock without having to fear losing more than what they have invested in. This contributesd to the growth of corporations in the late-19th century.
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    Martin Van Buren Presidency

  • Sources of Immigration

    Northwest Europe: *England *Scotland *Ireland *Germany
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    William H. Harrison Presidency

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    John Tyler Presidency

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    James K. Polk Presidency

  • Taos Indian Rebellion

    A rebellion in which the Taos Indians of New Mexico tried to resist the military force of the encroaching US Army and White settlers. The Taos killed Anglo-American officeholders (including the new governor) before the rebellion was finally extinguished by the US Army. New Mexico remained a territory until 1912.

  • "Coolies"

    Generally became Chinese immigrants, although at first more specifically indentured servants. Chinese immigration into the US boomed after 1848 (during the Gold Rush).

  • Gold: Sacramento, CA

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    Zachary Taylor Presidency

  • Central Park Designed by Olmstead and Vaux

    Frederick Law Olmstead and Calvert Vaux designed New York's Central Park and other public places.

  • First Tenements Built

    One of the first tenements built with the purpose of solving the housing issues in urban areas. Became a problem itself because soon they were overcrowded.

  • Rise of the Petroleum Industry

    George Bissell shows the use of petroleum as lamp fuel, naphtha, and lubricating oil for train wheels. By the 1870s, oil was US's fourth biggest export.
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    Millard Fillmore Presidency

  • N.Am. Policy: Concentration

  • "Foreign Miners" Tax

    Tax imposed on foreigners to discourage participation from mining. Included the Chinese and Mexicans.
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    Franklin Pierce Presidency

  • Bessemer/Kelly/Mushel: Bessemer Process and Steel

    The Bessemer Process was an innovation that purified iron, independently developed by William Kelly in 1851 and developed and patented by Henry Bessemer in 1855. Robert Mushel discovered the additive ingredients to iron to transform it into steel.
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    James Buchanan Presidency

  • Gold: Pike's Peak, CO

  • Silver: Comstock Lode, NV

  • First Oil Well in Titusville, PA

    George Bissell's student Edwin Drake established the first oil well.

  • Tammany, Tweed, and Political Machines

    Case Study: Tammany Hall
    *Infamous Bosses: Tweed, Plunkitt, Croker
    *patronage to control politics
    *provided sevices for imigrants city gov't couldn't provide
    *showed the need for a structured urban city government

  • Rocky Mountain School

    Painters that painted Western ladscapes, romanticized about them. Bierstadt, Moran
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    Development of the Internal Combustion Engine

    (1860s) Nicolaus August Otto develops four-stroke engine; perfected by Gottfried Daimler.
    (1870s) Developments of internal combustion engine in France, Austria, and Germany.
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    Latter Half 19thC Railroad Expansion

    1860: 30k mi of track; 1900: 193k mi of track
    () Expansion of railroad (and therefore its increasing demand for provisions) enabled innovation.
    (    ) Forms of corporation (e.g. consolidation techniques) became models for other industries.
    () All industries, markets, and peoples need railroads for transportation.
    (    ) Stimulated economy.
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    Abraham Lincoln Presidency

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    US Civil War

  • Homestead Act

    Part of Republican economic development during the Civil War. Free 160 acres if farmed for five years atrracted settlers West.

  • Sand Creek Massacre

    Arapajo and Cheyenne under Black Kettle seeked for government protection when they were massacred by drunk militia men in the camp at Fort Lyon.
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    Andrew Johnson Presidency

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    National Labor Union

    see graphic organizer
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    Height of the Cattle Kingdom

    Good years: 1) "open range" 2) Abilene, Sedalia, and the Chisholm Trail
    Bad years: 1) arrival of nesters in 1870s, fenced off open range 2) range wars with nesters 3) very cold winters of 1885-6, 1886-7

  • N. Am Policy: OK and Dakotas

  • National Grange

  • Abraham S. Hewitt: The Open-Hearth Process

    Hewitt's open-hearth process enabled steel to be manufactured in great quantities and large dimensions.

  • Erie War

    Vanderbilt vs Gould on railroad dominance and its political ramifications.
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    Knights of Labor Union

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    Ulysses S. Grant Presidency

  • Growth of Suburbs

    Annexation of lands nearby urban areas for residential purposes. Residents generally middle class, upper class.

  • Transportation: NY Elevated Railways

  • Mass Marketing/Mass Consumption

    *buying direct from store as opposed to making stuff yourself (consumer culture)
    *chain stores selling by bulks, cheaper than independent merchants (mass marketing/consumption)
    *women and shopping (consumer culture)
    *chain stores: Sears-Roebuck, Montgomery Ward, Macy's
    *rural people connected to urban consumer culture via mail-order houses (mass marketing)

  • Standard Oil

    John D. Rockefeller starts Standard Oil.
    () Controlled 90% of US oil.
    (    ) Horizontal and vertical consolidation.
    (*) Pioneered the trust and holding company forms of consolidation.

  • Social Darwinism/Sumner's Folkways

    () Darwinism applied to society. Those who triumphed successful bc of hardwork, traits, "fit"; those who failed bc "unfit".
    (    ) Legitimized actions and virtues of industrialists.
    () Englishman William Graham Sumner: freedom of competition is needed for everyone to have the opportunity to advance
    (    ) Industrialist hypocrytic about SD theory--they feared (and therefore eliminated) competition.

  • Molly Maguires

    Irish-background union that terrorized anthracite coal mine foremen who did not give workers liveable wages and compensation.

  • "Territorial Rings"

    Circles of local businessmen and ambitious politicians wuth access to federal money who worked together to make territorial governments mutually profitable.
    --Replaced the Hispanic elite
    --Able to acquire over 2mil acres of land

  • Sources of Immigration

    Central Europe, Southern Europe, Eastern Europe, Germany, Ireland, Mexico, China, Japan

  • "Great Fires" of Boston and Chicago

    Caused by unsafe working conditions, density of population, and poor building construction. Outcomes:
    *city rebuilt beautifully
    *development of city building planning

  • Carnegie Steel

    Andrew Carnegie starts Carnegie Steel. Controlled most of American steel production. Consolidated vertically.

  • Timber Culture Act

    Passed to supplement amount of land from 1862 Homestead Act.

  • Congress Stops Minting Silver

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    Panic of 1873

  • Gold: Black Hills, SD (Dakota Territory)

  • Farmers' Alliance

  • Battle of Little Bighorn

    7th Cavalry, Custer vs Sioux: Crazy Horse, Sitting Bull
    Sioux surprised Custer, killed every man. Despite victory here, were not ultimately so because, disbanded, remaining tricked by reservation officers.
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    Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers

    see graphic organizer

  • The Desert Land Act

    Passed to supplement amount of land from 1862 Homestead Act.
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    Rutherford B. Hayes Presidency

  • Timber and Stone Act

    Passed to supplement amount of land from 1862 Homestead Act.

  • Kearney and Workingman's Party

    Democratic Party branch in California that were hostile against the Chinese.Founded by Irish immigrant Denis Kearney.

  • Pago Pago Base at Samoa

    US establishes naval base in Pago Pago, Samoa

  • Transportation: Cable Cars

  • Rise of Trusts

    consolidation without direct ownership; authority via # of stocks a trustee owns
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    American Federation of Labor Union

    see graphic organizer
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    James A. Garfield Presidency

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    Chester A. Arthur Presidency

  • Chinese Exclusion Act

    An act passed by Congress that banned Chinese immigration for ten years and barred Chinese already in US from becoming citizens. Renewed in 1892 and made permanent in 1902. Repealed by Magnuson Act of 1943.

  • The Pendleton Act

    Required that some federal jobs be filled through competitive means rather than through patronage. Only small range at first, but eventually carried a wide spectrum of jobs by the mid-twentieth century.

  • Lester Ward Frank's Dynamic Sociology

    Active government and citizens need to regulate economy (not the other way around) to fit their needs. Criticism of capitalism.

  • Pendleton Act

  • Skyscrapers and Corresponding Technology and Figures

    1870: Equitable Building, NY first elevator
    1884: Chicago first steel girder construction building
    1890s: Rise of "skyscrapers"
    *Louis Sullivan (teacher of Frank Lloyd Wright) among first pioneers of skyscraper architecture
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    Grover Cleveland Presidency (First Term)

  • Haymarket Square Riot

    Protest with police strikebreakers, someone drops a bomb, Union leaders used as scapegoats, accused as anarchists. AFL associated with event

  • American Protective Association/Immigration Restriction League

    Rise of political nativism in response to surge of immigrants:
    *Henry Bowers finds American Protective Association
    *Imm Restr League: by Harvard alumni, separation of desirables, gained support from middle class

  • Dawes Severalty Act

    Forced landownership to Native Americans = Assimilation attempt

  • Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

    US establishes base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

  • Interstate Commerce Act

  • Transportation: Electric Trolley Line

  • Edward Bellamy's Looking Backwards

    Novel about utopian society where competition has been eliminated and all wealth was shared equally in the YEAR 2000. As far as I know, this has not happened. *Criticism of capitalism

  • The Election of 1888

    1. Democrats renominated Gorver Cleveland; Republicans nominated Benjamin Harrison.
    2. Main argument: protective tariffs--raise or lower? Cleveland for lowering, Harrison for raising
    3. Corrupt election: Harrison won 233 to 168, but Cleveland had +100k popular votes over Harrison

  • Holding Companies Legalized

    New Jersey 1889 law enabled corporations to directly buy and control other competitiors and corporations. No need for trusts.

  • First Pan-American Congress Meets

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    Benjamin Harrison Presidency

  • How the Other Half Lives, by Jacob Riis

    Exposed the putrid conditions of working class tenements.

  • National Consumers League

    Women started to gain voice via activism in their new primary role as consumers. Florence Kelley started a consumer protection agency--Nat'l Consumers League--in the 1890s.

  • High Culture vs. Popular Culture

    Popular culture: enjoyed by masses
    High culture: elitism, product of Darwinism

  • A.T. Mahan's The Influence of Sea Power Upon History

    Influential argument to the means as to how US can become great imperial power.

  • Sherman Anti-Trust Act

  • McKinley Tariff

  • Sherman Silver Purchase Act

  • City Beautiful Movement

    Public projects to rebuild cities and make them beautiful. Inspired by 1893 Columbian Expo and Great White City in Chicago.
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    Start of the American Automobile Industry

    (1893) First successful gasoline-fueled car built by Duryea Bros.
    (1895) Four cars on the road.
    (1908) Ford builts Model T.
    (1917) 5 million cars on the road.

  • American Planters Revolt in Hawaii

    Overthrows monarchy
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    Panic of 1893

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    Grover Cleveland (Second Term)

  • Homestead Strike

    Carnegie tries to rid the Amalgamated Union, dispute, violence in Homestead plant, PA. AFL and Amalgamated involved

  • Transportation: Subway

    First subway ran in 1897 in Boston.
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    William McKinley Presidency

  • Spanish-American War

    US battleship Maine explodes in Havana harbor, prompting US action into Cuban insurrection.

  • General Electric and Other Corporate/Research Labs

    (1900) General Electric established, the purpose being for corporations to at least stay in line with technological advancements, and to rely on their own hired scientists and engineers for applicable research as opposed to the research conducted by the government.
    (*) Transformed universities as corporates started using their research in return for funding; helped advance America as leading technological country than all of Europe.

  • Chinatowns

    Part of ethnic communities that sprang up nationwide among places with high immigrant populations. Secret societies in Chinatowns ("tongs" and the Six Companies) that included rivalry ("tong wars").

  • Foraker Act

    Established that Puerto Ricans are now US citizens, civil government under control of US.

  • Gold Standard (Currency) Act

  • Andrew Carnegie's The Gospel of Wealth

    Wealthy should use excess money to give back to the community and improve it.

  • JP Morgan Buys Carnegie Steel

    ...turns it into US Steel Corporation that controlled 2/3 of national steel production.
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    Theodore Roosevelt Presidency

  • Wright Brothers' Flight at Kitty Hawk,NC

    (1903) Wrights' plane flew 120 feet in twelve seconds.
    (1904) Improved upon, started carrying passengers for around 23 miles.
    (Additional Notes) Wrights experimented with using internal combustion engine as the plane's engine.

  • SF Earthquake

    Massive earthquake destroys poorly built buildings (which were most buildings), caused fire that destroyed most of the city. An example of lack of central building planning.

  • Burke Act

    Another gov't attempt to assimilate Native Americans into Anglo society.
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    William Howard Taft Presidency

  • Public Health Service

    Alice Hamilton--physician for US Bureau of Labor--identified pollution coming from workplace and how it negatively affected citizens. Her works helped established the Public Health Services, which got some legislation enacted albeit not an authoritative figure in enforcement. OSHA of today a legacy of Public Health Services.

  • 1920 Census

    Showed that:
    1) majority of Americans lived in urban areas
    2) 3mil in NY (1mil in 1860); 1mil in Chicago (100k in1860)
    3) main source of pop growth: immigration