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Prince Henry, sometimes called the "Navigator." He was the 3rd son of Joao 1. After fighting the North Africa Muslims, he became obsessed with Oriental goods. He started a navigation school for mapmakers, sailors, and instrument makers.
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He was the 3rd emperor of the MIng Dynasty. He was born on May 2nd, 1360 and died in August 1424.
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Zheng He's crew consisted of 27, 800 men, an armada of 62 treasure ships, and 190 supporting ships. They landed and traded goods and treasures with the occupying natives.
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The capture of the capital Byzantine by the Ottoman Empire.The fall of Constantinople marked the end of the Byzantine Empire.
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The printing press is said to be the most important invention in History. The invention of this machine helped adults and children have much easier access to books.Having access to books helped increase the knowledge of the population.
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This war was actually 116 years long. It was between England and France.This war started in May 1337. King Philip the VI tried to take the English territories located in Southwestern France.
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This was the fall of the Byzantine Empire because of a siege by the Ottoman Empire. This event marked the end of the Byzantine Empire.
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Dias sailed down the African coast, during this voyage, strong winds forced him to sail over a thousand kilometers offcourse. Causing him to sail around the southernmost tip of Africa. Dias first named the cape, the "Cape of Storms."
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Ferdinand and Isabella abducted Boabdil, Ruler of Granada, and held him prisoner. He was then converted to Christianity, although it is still unknown how and became an ally with Ferdinand and Isabella. Ferdinand and Isabella allowed Boabdil to return to Granada, but as he returned, he found that he was still not allowed ruler because of his father and uncle and was kicked out. Soon new leaders started popping up everywhere in Granada and Muslims began to fight eachother.
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The crew set sail in August, 1492. They were set on getting to Asia but changed to a southwestern direction, their course was changed. The crew became very upset with Columbus and threated to throw him overboard. They landed on an island in the Bahamas and named it San Salvador.
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This was an agreement between Spain and Portugal to help settle conflicts between newly discovered land. Pope Alexander VI issued a decree which had an imaginery line going north and south through the mid-atlantic. 480 kilometers from the Cape Verde Islands.
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Vasco da Gama was the first European to reach India by the Atlantic Ocean. He started his voyage from Lisborn, Portugal, in July 1497. He sailed around the Cape of Good Hope, and anchored in Malindi. When he was greeted by the Muslims at Calicut and had to fight his way to be able to return home.
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David is one of Donatello's most famous sculptures. It is a bronze sculpture of a male holding a sling over his shoulder. David is said to be waiting for Goliath.
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In the first expedition, they reached the mouth of the Amazon River, in what is now known as Brazil, South America. His maps helped contribute to the Renaisance.
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The Mona Lisa is argued to be the most famous painting in the world. The woman pictured is unknown. Many people have made guesses to what was hidden behind her smile or what she is looking at. Leonardo is said to have worked on this painting for 4 years!
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As captain general of the Armada, he was told to find the land past the oceanic horizon. Cortez and his man first spoted land now called the coast of Yukatan.
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In the early 1500's, Copernicus became inerested in an old Greek idea that the sun stood at the center of the universe. After studying planetary movements for more than 25 years, he reasoned that indeed, the stars, the earth, and the other planets revolved around the sun.
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Michelangelo did not want anything to do with painting in the beginning, he considered himself a sculptor, not a painter. Painting the chapel had a great physical toll on Michelangelo. He later wrote a poem about his thoughts of painting.
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This picture shows all the greatest matematicians, philosophers, and scientists. They are all from different time frames but show gathered here in this picture. People say they are gathered together to show their ideas and things they have learned.
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This piece of literature was written in 1513 but was not published until Machiavelli's death in 1532. This book tells how a prince can receive and maintain political power.
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Martin Luther is credited for starting the Lutheran church and faith. He was once a monk that started to see things in the Catholic Church he did not like. He then wrote a list of 95 things that the Catholic Church was doing that was not correct in the eyes of God and posted it on the doors of the Catholic Church.
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20 slaves revolted in Hispaniola. These slaves were trying to escape. This revolt started the "fire" for slave revolts to become very continuous. Most of these slaves were caught and punished but some got away.
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Anne seemed to be a woman that got what she wanted and she alwasy knew exactly how to get it. It is said that she was with many married men and later got King Henry to annul his marriage to be with her. He spent large amounts of money on her. Later in her life she was arrested in Greenwich and told that she was being charged with adultry, incest, and plotting to kill the King. She was beheaded by a swordsman in one stroke.
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Pizzaro had a plan to kidnap Atalupa during a meeeting with him.Pizzaro did not believe he he was going to have much success due to the fact that Atalupa had a very large militia. When Atalupa came to the meeting, he brought along 2000 men. None of his men where armed. Atahualpa is said to have gone to the meeting dancing and singing, having no thought of the intruders being a problem. When Atahualpa was kidnapped by Pizzaro's men and his army defeated.
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Ivan came to the throne at the age of 3. When he was 16, he seized power and crowned himself czar. He was the first Russian ruler to do this officially. 1547-1560, were Ivan's "good period", this included great victories, added lands to Russia, ave Russia a code of laws, and ruled justly.
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Cartier's explorations of the Canadian coast laid the basis for French claims to North America. When Cartier reached North America,he sailed up the St. Lawrence river as far as Quebec and established a base near a Iroquis base.
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Edward was the king of England and Ireland. He was crowned at age 9. Edwards rein lasted for 6 years. He died on July 6th, 1553.
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Ignatius traveled to many places before finally getting his degree in theology and Latin at age 43. Ignatius and a group of his followers took vows by poverty, chastity, and obedience.
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Mary was the Queen of England and Ireland. Mary wanted to return England and Ireland back to Catholicism so she decided to execute all Protestants that would not go to the Catholic Church. By doing this she earned the name "Bloody Mary"
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Elizabeth had a very troubling childhood. Her own mother was beheaded because of orders from her own father. After being crowned king, Elizabeth married King Phillip of Spain. Elizabeth seemed as a savior to the prosecuted Protestants because she was said to be a queen of a "new faith." Historians believe she did of an ovarian cyst.
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Philip believed he needed to defend Catholisism against the Muslims of the Ottoman Empire adn the Protestants of Europe. When the pope called all Catholic princes to take up arms against the mounting powere Philip responded aggresively. 250 Spanish and Venetian ships defeated a Ottoman fleet in Lepanto.
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Known as the most powerful ruler in Europe, he was also the hardest working. He always wanted to know what was going on from his advisors. His empire became very wealthy from silver bullions that were unloaded from Spanish galleons. The wealth helped Spain support an army of 50,000 soldiers.
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He was the first king of the Bourbon dynasty in France. He showed to be decisive, fearless in battle, and a clever politician. He was opposed by many. He gave up Protestantism and become a Catholic. He declared the Huguenots could live in peace in France and set up their own houses of worship. It was called the Edict of Nantes.
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The Queen granted a Royal Charter to George, Earl of Cumberland, and 215 Knights, Aldermen, and Burgesses under the name, Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies.
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They had the right on driving trade from the Netherlands to all to all land east of the Cape of Good Hope. Used to sell Spices at a cheaper price but for a better profit than through the Portugese.
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Often called the birth of the modern European novel, this book is about a poor Spanish nobleman named Miguel de Cervantes. Miguel went crazy after reading too many books about heroic knights. He wanted to "right every manner of wrong" he wore a rusty suit of armore, rode a donkey, and mistook windmills for giants.
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Hudson was a great navigator and sailor. He named and explored the Hudson River. On his final journey in 1610, he headed northeast towards Canada. He discovered a body of water that was later named Hudson Bay on this trip. In November, 1610, the trip was stuck in ice in Hudson Bay. The crew wanted to leave because of the harsh weather but Hudson would not let them leave. The crew eventually put Hudson, his son, and 7 other crew members in a boat and they were never heard from again.
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William Shakespear wrote poetry and plays. He was born in Stratford-apon-avon, United Kingdom. He is sometimes referred to as the greatest writer in the English language. Some plays Shakespear wrote are, Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, and Macbeth. Some poetry he wrote are, A Fairy Song and A Madrigal.
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The Thirty Years' War was fought over religion, territory, and for power among European ruling families. It is thought to contain 2 main phases, Hapsburg triumphs and Hapsburg defeats. During the first 12 years, Hapsburg armies from AUstria defeated Spain. The Protestant Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden drove the Hapsburg out of northern Germany.
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He moved against the Huguenots, He believed that Protestantism often served as an excuse for political conspiracies against the Cathoic king. Although Richelieu did not end the Huguenots' right to worship, he forbade Protestant cites from having walls. He sought to weaken the nobles' power. He wanted to make France the strongest state in Europe.
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When Charles took the throne, he was said to always need money. Most times when Parliament refused to grant him money, he dissolved it. In 1628 Charles had to call Parliament again but they refused to give him money unless he signed the Petition of Rights. This Petition stated that he would not imprison subjects without due cause, he would not levy taxes without Parliament's consent, he would not house soldiers in private homes, and he would not impose martial law in peacetime.
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Although the church warned Galileo not to defend the ideas of Copernicus, he continued his studies. This book presented the ideas of both Copernicus and Ptolemy, but it showed that Galileo supported the Copernican theory. The pope summoned Galileo to Rome to stand trieal before the Inquisition.
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He began his rein at age 5 while the true ruler was Cardinal Mazarin. When he turned 23, he took control of the government himself. He weakened the power of the nobles by excluding them from his councils and he incresed the power of intendants. He devoted himself to helping France attain economic, political, and cultural brilliance.
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Cromwell's New Model Army defeated the Cavaliersin 1646. By the following year, the Puritans had the king prisoner and found him guilty. He was sentenced to death. The execution was revolutionary because kings were usually overthrown, killed in battle, or put to death in secret. But Charles had a reigning monarch and faced a public trial and execution.
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Because of the civil war, Hobbes was convinced that all humans were naturally selfish and wicked. Hobbes argued that to secape such a bleak life, people gave up their rights to a strong ruler. In exchange, they gained law and order. People acted in their own self-interest, he said, the ruler needed total power to keep citizens under control.
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The Netherlands were discobered in 1609. In 1664, the English sent a fleet to seize New Netherlands. New Netherlands was then changed to New York, named after James, the duke of York.
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La Salle sailed from France in August in search for the mouth of the Mississippi River. La Salle set out set out to explore the surrounding area. He traveled far west and reached the RIo Grande. At last he realized that the bay he was on laid west of the Mississippi River.
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This law gave every prisoner the right to obtain a writ or document ordering that the prisoner be brought before a judge. THe judge decided whether the prison should be tried or set free. Because of this act, a monarch could not put someone in jail for simply opposing the ruler. They also could not be held indefintely without trials.
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This book is said to be one of the most important scientific books ever written. He describes the universe like a giant clock. Its parts all worked together perfectly in ways that could be expressed mathematically. He believed that God was the creator of this orderly universe, the clockmaker who had set everything in motion.
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Locke had a more positive view of human nature. According to Locke, all people are born free and equal, with three natural rights, life, liberty, and property. Government must protect these rights, if they do not, citizens have a right to overthrow it. Locke's theory had a deep influence on modern political thinking.
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Peter was named Peter the Great because he was one of Russia's greates reformers. He also continued the trend of increasing the czar's power.He was intrigued by modern tools and machines. He had a passion for ships and the sea.
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One year after he became sole ruler of Russia, he visited western Europe for a long time. His goal was to learn all about European customs and industrial techniques. He brought with him 200 servants and 55 boyars. This had never been done before. On his trip, he tried to keep his identitiy a secret. He wore plain clothes in the Netherlands and was a ship's carpenter for 4 months.
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When Frederick II by sending his army to occupy Silesia, he began the War of Austrian Succession. Maria Theresa journeyed to Hungary to ask for their aid. They reluctantly agreed. Great Britain also joined Maria to fight its longtime enemy France.
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Here was a government that was balanced among three groups of officials. The British king and his ministers held executive power and carried out the laws of the state. The members of Parliament held legislative, or lawmaking, power. The judges of the ENglish courts held judicial power and interpreted the laws to see how each applied to a specific case. THis book was admired by political leaders in the British colonies of North America.
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It would bring together all the most current and enlightened thinking about science, technology, art, government, and more. It helped spread Enlightenment. Enlightened thinkers shared their ideas through books, personal letters, visits back and forth, and magazine articles.
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This war involved overseas colonies, including Great Britain and France. This war was said to be the bloodiest war in the 18th century. This war is sometimes said to be the product of the localized rivalry between British and French colonies.
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Fought in Europe, India, and North America, it lasted until 1763. It didn't change the territorial situation in Europe. France and Britain had colonies in Noth America and the West Indies. They were both competing for India economically. The British were the real victors. France lost its colonies in North America, Britain gained sole economic domination of India.
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Mary disagreed with Rousseau that women's education should be secondary to men's. She argued that women, like men, need education to become virtuous and useful. Even if they are to be mothers, education will make them better mothers. She also believed that women not only should be able to be nurses but also should be able to become doctors. She argued for women's right to participate in politics.
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Beccaria turned his thoughts to the justice system. He believed that laws existed to preserve social order, not to avenge crimes. He railed against common abuses of justice. They included torturing of witnesses and suspects, irrecgular proceedings in trials, and punishements that were arbitrary or cruel. He argued that a person accused of a crime should receive a speedy trial, and that torture should never be used.
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Russia, Prussia, and Austria each wanted to assert their infuence over the country. Each of these neighborly lands took a piece of Poland. In further partitions in 1793 and 1795, they grabbed up the rest of Polan's territory. With the partitions, Poland dissapeared from the map of Europe. It did not reappear as an independednt country until after WWI.
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The reason for this historical event was because they wanted to protest an important tax on tea. Samuel Adams organized the raid against three British ships in Boston Harbor. They dumped 342 chests of tea into the water. George III was was infuriated. He ordered the British navy to close the port of Boston. British troops occupied the city.
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British soldiers and American militiamen exchanged gunfire on the vilage green in Lexington, Massachusetts. The fighting spread to nearby Concord. When the Second Continental Congress heard word of fighting, its members voted to raise an army under the command of a Virginian named George Washington. This event started the American Revolution.
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The Second Continental Congress issued the Declaration of Independence. The document was written by Thomas Jefferson and was firmly based on the ideas of John Locke and the Enlightenment. The document reflected these ideas in its eloquent argument for natural rights. The Declaration included a list of George III's abuses. The document ended by breaking any ties between the colonis and Britain.
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When Joseph abolished serfdom he ordered that peasants be paid for their labor with cash. But unsurprisingly, the nobles did not like this change.
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The Constitution was signed, but for it to become law, the Constitution needed approval by conventions in at least 9 of the 13 states. These conventions included deep debate. Supporters of the Constitution were called Federalists and argued that the new government would provide a better balance between national and state powers. Nonsupporters of the Constitution, the Antifederalists feared that the Constitution gave the central government too much power.
