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René Descartes publishes "Discourse on Method," changing the way people think about knowledge.
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René Descartes publishes "Discourse on Method," changing the way people think about knowledge.
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Isaac Newton publishes "Principia Mathematica," influencing scientific thinking.
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(1701-1800)The Enlightenment takes different forms in Europe:
France: Linked to anti-government and anti-Church ideas.
Germany: Focuses on the middle class with a spiritual and national tone.
Scotland: The Scottish Enlightenment promotes liberal values.
Italy: Less Church power allows for new thinking.
Russia: The government supports arts and sciences, creating universities and theaters. -
The beginning of the 18th century, often seen as the start of the Enlightenment.
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(1715-1789) Key period of the Enlightenment in France, from the start of Louis XV's reign to the French Revolution.
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Montesquieu introduces the idea of separation of powers in government.
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(1750-1770): Rise of philosophical and scientific activity, with figures like Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau promoting reason and scientific observation.
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(1751-1766) Publication of the Encyclopédie by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert, a big effort to organize human knowledge.
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(1804-1815) Start of the Napoleonic Wars, marking the end of the Enlightenment era.