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1492
Nicolaus Copernicus
Copernicus began studying at the University of Krakow. He studied mathematics and Greek and Islamic astronomy. While staying Copernicus began to question what he was learning. He went on to be a well known mathematician, astronomer, church jurist with a doctorate in law, a physician, translator, artist, Catholic cleric, governor, diplomat, and an economist. -
1517
Martin Luther: 95 Thesis
95 Theses was a document released that sparked the protestant reformation. His writings changed the course of religious history in the West as he wrote about two central beliefs regarding the Bible and religious salvation. -
Mayflower Compact
The Mayflower was underway as of September 6, 1620 after it’s boat companion Speedwell had a leak and had to return. After 66 days, and one passenger dead, it arrived in Cape Cod November 11, 1620. Power through presence. -
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Rousseau wrote a winning essay by the Academy of Dijon with the appearance of his Discourse on the Arts and Sciences. He claimed that this vision was an important turning point in his life and lead to many more of his principles and further discourse writings. -
Committees of Correspondence
Committees of Correspondence led to the Boston Tea Party and the 1st and 2nd continental congress. These papers gave colonists a voice in these events and throughout the American Revolution. Power through paper communication. -
Adam Smith: The Wealth of Nations
Farm output and manufactured goods were needed for industry, a place needed to expand their production by encouraging a division of labor. -
Declaration of Independence
June 28, 1776 the final draft was approved after Thomas Jefferson spent 6 months creating drafts. The Treaty of Paris in 1783 is what ended the revolution, not the Declaration of Independence. Power through paper communication. -
Immanuel Kant
In his book Critique of Pure Reason, Kant focuses his understanding and studies in philosophy around the features of human understanding. This contradicts Copernicus. Kant Kant discusses a distinction between phenomena and noumena. He says our world has certain features that can be known a priori, that all objects will exist in space and time because they are forms of our intuition. -
Inclosure Acts
workers were driven into factories due to closure and divisions of land -
Sojourner Truth: Ain't I a Women
On this date Sojourner Truth had walked away by daylight, but some say she ran away from her master after he failed to honor his promise of protecting and ending slavery. Power through voice. -
Alexis de Tocqueville: Democracy in America
Tocqueville went to study Democracy in America. With his research he proved that it was a government of liberty resulted by “law with results in the development of strength, in population, wealth, and military and commercial power”. -
Karl Marx
In Paris, Marx set his views in writings called the Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts. He outlined his opinions of a humanist conception of communism. -
Abraham Lincoln: Gettysburg Address
Was given at the National Cemetery of Gettysburg in Pennsylvania. Discussed the Union mentioned in the Declaration and reiterated the war and equality. “human equality of the people, for the people, by the people”. Power through role and voice. -
John Maynard Keynes
Earned a degree in mathematics at King’s College, Cambridge. This is important because he went on to publish books on economics and changed the way people viewed his analysis of economics in countries such as Germany. -
Milton Friedman
Friedman began teaching at University of Chicago to teach economic theory. At this time also rejoined the Bureau’s staff and continued to study the role of money in the business cycle. Friedman later earned the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1976. -
Simone de Beauvoir
The publishing of Beauvoir’s book “the Second Sex” brought forth discussion that the sexed/gendered body needed to be an object of phenomenological investigation. She argued sexual equality for women and investigated it with self critique as well as in natural and social sciences in literature, and social, political and religious traditions we have created in our world that produce an ideology o women as a natural inferiority. -
Martin Luther King: I have a Dream
Martin Luther King Jr gave a speech in regards to the continued segregation that the nation exhibited among its citizens. He hoped that some day, even after the end of slavery, that not everyone is free. He dreamed of equality and of a place where people would be judged by their character and not the color of their skin, and that we would uphold words of our Declaration, “we hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.” -
Derrick Bell
At this time Bell became the first African American to become a tenured professor at Harvard Law School. He established many courses in civil right law and wrote few textbooks. This also lead to his later resignation in protest as the dean of the University of Oregon law school and Harvard law due to failure to hire and offer jobs to Asian American candidates and women. -
Judith Butler
Judith Butler indicates her opinions in regard to gender and identity. She discusses that the labeling of women as a group away from men is damaging to the cause of feminism and that if we suppose mean nd women are different from each other that true equality can never exist. In 1990, Gender Trouble was her greatest work in her discussion that the divine of the sexes is a mistake. -
Kimberle Williams Crenshaw
Crenshaw cofounded the African American Policy Forum, AAPF. This is an organization that has ways for people to advance social inclusion with research to back it up. She still helps to direct the organization and is also a member of the National Science Foundation where she researches violence against women.