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Gandhi
Leader of the Indian independence movement and advocate of nonviolent resistance. After being educated as a lawyer in England, he returned to India and became leader of the Indian National Congress in 1920. He appealed to the poor, led nonviolent demonstrations against British colonial rule, and was jailed many times. Soon after independence he was assassinated for attempting to stop Hindu-Muslim rioting. Led the Salt March. -
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Mao Zedong
Leader of the Chinese Communist Party (1927-1976). He led the Communists on the Long March and rebuilt the Communist Party and the Red Army during the Japanese occupation of China (1937-1945). After WW2, he led the Communist to victory over the Guomindang (nationalist party- headed by Sun Yat-sen). He also ordered the Cultural Revolution. -
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Juan Peron
An Argentine military officer, and politician. Elected as President of Argentina 3 times, but only served one full term. Praised for efforts to eliminate poverty and to dignify labor, yet detractors accused him of being a demagogue and dictator. Gave his name to the political movement known as peronismo, which is now represented mainly by the Justicialist Party. -
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UNIT 5
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WW1
Major war centered on Europe, triggered by assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, resulted in Allied victory, end of the German, Russian, Ottoman, and Austro-Hungarian empires, establishment of the League of Nations. Treaty of Versailles. -
Russian Revolution
Collective term for a series of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which destroyed the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the Soviet Union. Resulted in abdication of Nicholas II, end of the Russian Empire, Bolsheviks' takeover of power, start of the Russian Civil War. -
Wilson's 14-Point Plan
Woodrow Wilson's plan to prevent anything like WWI from every occuring again. Well accepted by Europe, however not liked by the US. Laid the basis for the creation of the League of Nations. Ended up being only partially used, and not according to design. -
Treaty of Versailles
The treaty imposed on Germany by France, Great Britain, US and other allied powers after WW1. It demanded that Germany dismantle its military and give up some lands to Poland. German had to accept all responsibility for the war they caused; at total of 132 (31.4) billion marks. -
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League of Nations
International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but greatlyweakened by the refusal of the US to join. It proved ineffectual in stopping aggression by Italy, Japan, and Germany in the 1930's. It was superseded by the United Nations in 1945. -
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Chinese Civil War
. Fought between the KMT/Chinese Nationalist Party, the governing party of the Republic of China, and the Communist Party of China (CPC) for control of China. Interrupted temporarily during the Second Sino-Japanese War, but continued immediately after. Led to China's division into the Republic of China (known as Taiwan) and People's Republic of China (Mainland China). -
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Stalin's 5-Year Plan
Plans that Russian ruler Joseph Stalin introduced to industrialize the Soviet Union rapidly, beginning in 1928. They set goals for products and were enforced by the police powers of the state. They succeded in making the Soviet Union a major industrial power before WW2. -
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The Great Depression
Was a servere worldwide economis depression preceding WW2. The depression originated in the U.S starting with the fall in stock prices tjay began around September 1929, and became worldwide stock market crash in October otherwise known as Black Tuesday. Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially those dependent on heavy industry. -
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Hitler comes to power
Rose to power in Germany because of the weak state it was in after WWI. Hitler and the Nazi party primarily attracted members of the middle and lower class. Appointed Chancellor in 1933. Very charismatic, and led many people to believe him to be the savior of Germany. -
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WW2
Global military conflict, involved most of the world's nations, including all of the great powers (Allies vs Axis) Marked by significant events such as Holocaust and nuclear weapons in warfare. Resulted in Allied victory, creation of the United Nations, emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as superpowers, beginning of the Cold War. -
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Cold War
The ideological struggle between communism and capitalism for world influence. The Soviet Union and the US came to the brink of actual war during the Cuban Missle crisis but never attacked one another. The Cold War came to an end when the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991. -
Indian Independence & Creation of Pakistan
Britain finally announced the partitioning of the British Indian Empire into India and Pakistan. Independent Muslim state named Pakistan created from the separation of the north-western region of the Indian subcontinent, partitioned from the British Indian Empire. -
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NATO
Organization formed in 1949 as a military alliance of western European and North American states against the Soviet Union and its east European allies. The headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium. It was first just a political association, however , the Korean War galvanized the member states, and military structure was built up under the direction of 2 US supreme commanders. -
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The Korean War
Was a military conflict between South Korea, supported by the UN, and North Korea, supported by the People's Republic of China, with military material aid from the Soviet Union. The war was a result of physical divistion of Korea at the conclusion of the Pacific War at the end of WW2. Both gained little border territory. -
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Warsaw Pact
The 1955 treaty binding the Soviet Union and countries of eastern Europe in an alliance against the NATO. (Warsaw, Poland) The strategy of the Pact was dominated by the desire to prevent at all cost, the recurrence of an invasion of Russian soil as had occurred under Napoleon in 1812 and Hitler in 1941-44. Czec. . President Havel formally ended the treaty in 1991 (Prague). 5 months later the USSR disestablished. -
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Vietnam War
North Vietnam (communist) vs South Vietnam (anti-communist). Resulted in North Vietnamese victory(even though no one really won) withdrawal of American forces from Indochina, dissolution of South Vietnam, communist governments take power in Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos, and unification of North and South Vietnam under North Vietnamese rule. -
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Great Leap Forward
Economic and social campaign of the Communist Party of China, aimed to transform country from an agrarian economy into a modern communist society through agriculturalization, industrialization, and collectivization. -
Bay of Pigs Invasion
Was an unsuccessful action by a CIA-trained force of Cuban exiles to invade Cuba, with tsupport and encouragement from the US gov, in an attempt to overthrow Fidel Castro. Less than 3 months after JFK asuumed presidency. Took place on beach named Playa Giron, the Cuban armed forces were trained and equppied by Eastern Bloc forces defeating the CIA milita within 3 days. -
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Berlin Wall
Was a barrier constructed by the German Democratic Republic that completely cut off WEst Berlin from the surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin.The wall served to prevent the massive emgiration and defection that marked Germany and the communist Eastern Bloc during the post- WW2 period.Fell due to weakening of USSR and large protests. -
Cuban missle crisis
The Soviet Union deployed nuclear missiles in Cuba. Khrushchev and Cuban president Fidel Castro were reacting to US efforts to overthrow the cuban goverment. When the missiles were discovered, the US was ready for invasion, but with much pressure Soviet leader pulled them out, subsequently, the US removed its missiles from Turkey. It gave hope to that nuclear weapons might be contained. -
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Islamic Revolution
The overthrow of Iran's monarchy and its replacement with an Islamic republic. Began with the opposition of the Shi'i against the Shah Lacked many of the customary causes of revolution. Essentially reversed socio-political progress in Iran. -
Helsinki Accords
The Helsinki Final Act-commonly known as the Helsink Accords--afirmed that no boundaries should be changed by military force. It was also conatined formal (but nonbinding) declarations calling for ecnonmic, social, and goverment contacts across the iron curtain, and for cooperation in humanitarian fields, a provision that paved the way for dialogue about human rights. -
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Iran-Iraq War
Conflict between the armed forces of Iraq and Iran. Began when Iraq invaded Iran, following a long history of border disputes and fears of Shia insurgency among Iraq's long-suppressed Shia majority influenced by the Iranian Revolution. Iraq also aimed to replace Iran as the dominant Persian Gulf state. Resulted in stalemate and both Iraq and Iran accepted United Nations Security Council Resolution 598 to cease fighting. -
Tiananmen Square
Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with great loss of life. Protest was sparked by mourning over the death of former CPC-Yaobang, a party offical who had been purged for his support of political liberalization. -
Renuification of Germany
When the German Democratic Republic joined the Federal Republic of Germany and Berlin reunited into a single city, East started to falter in 1989, when the removal of Hungary's border fence opened a hole in the Iron Curtain. The Peaceful Revolution, a series of protests by East Germans, led to the negotiations between the GDR and FRG that culminated in a Unification Treaty. -
USSR Disintegrates
Resulted in the destruction of the Soviet Federal Government and independence of the USSR's republics. Process of systematic disintegration, which occurred in its economy, social structure and political structure. Caused by weakening of the Soviet government and characterized by many of the republics of the Soviet Union declaring their independence and being recognized as sovereign nation-states. -
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Nelson Mandela
Served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999, first South African president to be elected in a fully representative democratic election. Before presidency, was an anti-apartheid activist and the leader of Sizwe (armed wing of the African National Congress). -
9-11
A series of coordinated suicide attacks by al-Qaeda upon the United States. 19 al-Qaeda terrorists hijacked four commercial passenger jet airliners: crashed into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, The Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, and into a field in Pennsylvania