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Adams and congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1801 which gave the creation of new courts, added judges, and gave the president more control over appointment of judges. The act was essentially attempt by Adams to frustrate his successor. It was approve by senate but they didn’t validate until the commission was delivered by Secretary of State. The federal courts declared legislative and executive actions unconstitutional in which is known as judicial review. -
Maryland imposed a tax on the United States. McCulloch , who was a cashier of the Baltimore branch of the bank refused to pay the tax. The court held that the second bank was unconstitutional in which the constitution did not provide a textual commitment for the government. -
Louisiana enacted the Separate Car Act, which required separate railway cars for blacks and whites. In 1892, Homer Plessy agreed to participate in a test to challenge the Act. Plessy was asked to sit in a “whites only” car. Plessy’s lawyers argued that the Separate Car Act violated the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments. -
This was related to the segregation of public schools on the basis of race. In each of the cases, African American students had been denied admittance to certain public schools based on laws allowing public education to be segregated by race. It was argued that it violated the fourteenth amendment. They held that racially segregated public facilities for black and whites equal. -
The New York State Board of Regents authorized a short voluntary prayer at the start of each school day. A group of organizations claimed that it violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. The Supreme Court agreed that the government could not sponsor religious activities. New York Court rejected the arguments. -
Was a federal civil rights law in the United States that was passed as part of the education amendment of 1972. It prohibited sex-based discrimination in any school or other education program that receives funding from the federal government. -
It was enacted by the United States in 1975. The act required public schools accepting federal funds to provide equal access to education and one free meal a day to students with a mental and physical disabilities. Public schools were required to evaluate children with disabilities. -
The Supreme Court of the United States struck down both a state statute denying funding for education to undocumented immigrant children. Also a municipal school district attempt to charge an annual $1000 tuition fee for each student to compensate for lost state funding. -
In a New Jersey high school, a teacher found two girls smoking in the bathroom and were taken to the principal's office. One girl admitted to smoking but the other, known as T.L.O., denied it. The principal demanded to see the girl's purse and found evidence that she was also selling marijuana at school. T. L.O. family declared for court. The Supreme Court ruled that her rights were not violated since students have reduced expectations of privacy in school. -
A high school football player was addressed to conduct prayers over a loudspeaker system.Three students sued the school arguing that the prayers violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. Majority of the court rejected the schools argument since the prayer was school initiated and student led. The Court held that the action did constitute school-sponsored prayer because the loudspeakers that the students used were for their invocations but were owned by the school. -
The Ohio Scholarship Program allowed certain Ohio families to receive tuition aid from the state. It was to help offset the cost of titution at private schools. The court decided that the program did not violate the establishment clause of the first amendment. -
Grutter applied for admission to the University of Michigan Law School. Grutter applied with a 3.8 undergraduate GPA and an LSAT score of 161. She was denied admission. The school admitted that it uses race as a factor in making admissions decisions. The Supreme Court disagreed and held that institutions of higher education have a legitimate interest in promoting diversity.