-
Period: to
Transforming the West
-
Homestead Act
Congress passed the homestead act offering 160 acres of free land to any citizen or intended citizen who was head of the household. In return homesteaders paid a small fee and were required to complete five years of residence. Many contractors and businesses built houses to sell them and to make more money. -
Transcontinental Railroad
The Central Pacific and Union Pacific Railroads met in Utah to span across the whole country. The railroads employed lots of immigrants, it established new towns and markets, and the US created time zones since travel became more common. It was efficient because it moved goods over log distance much faster. It also increased possibilities for partnerships and exchange of ideas to business professionals to expand their industries. -
Andrew Carnegie
He was a Scottish immigrant that worked hard his whole life for investment. He was one of the first industrial moguls to make his own fortune by running in the steel industry. He used Vertical Integration and Horizontal Integration; which means he grew raw materials, manufactured, transported, and marketed. He also controlled his suppliers and limited his competition. -
Period: to
Becoming an Industrial Power
-
John Rockefeller
He was an American oil industry business magnate, industrialist, and philanthropist. He began the oil industry and also organized the trust & started the Horizontal Merger. Because he was Standard Oil Trust he could control 90% of the nation's refineries and pipelines. The oil help develop companies for distributing and marketing its products around the globe. -
Women’s Temperance Christian Union
It was led by Francis Willard, powerful interest group following the civil war, urged women's suffrage, & led to Prohibition. The organization advocated for the prohibition of alcohol, using women's supposedly greater purity and morality as a rallying point. They sent missionaries around the world to spread the gospel of temperance. Their main concern was Women and Children who were being abused. -
Red River War
Buffalo hunters trespassed on land granted to Indians which was food supply lost. This led to the end of an entire way of life for the southern plains tribes and it decreased the buffalo population. Troops kill many Native Americas and they also send them to reservation camps. Many of these tribes were located in Texas and were kicked out. -
Battle of Little Big Horn
Tensions between the two groups had been rising since the discovery of gold on Native American lands. Many tribes missed a deadline to move to reservations, so Custer and the U.S. army confronted. However, Custer wasn't aware that his army was outnumbered by Sitting Bull's Indian tribe. It was called Custer's Last Stand, marked the most decisive Native American victory and the worst U.S. Army defeat in the long Plains Indian War. -
Soup Kitchens
It was a place where food is provided to the needy at little or no charge. It was ran by charitable institutions because during the Great Depression many people were evicted from their homes and ended up in the streets. They were able to provide food and shelter from shacks and charitable organization or public agencies. -
Period: to
The Gilded Age
-
Salvation Army
It was a major distributor of help to the poor. It emphasized both religious and social salvation. Their mission is to help drug addicts, prostitutes, the homeless, and others in need. It was created by William and Catherine Booth. They were able to feed, shelter, assist them with employment, and counseled the ones in need. -
Coinage of Silver
This act was supported by farmers, Democrats, the Populist Party, Westerners and Southerners. They did not want just a money system based upon gold. They believed that to be able to relieve working conditions and exploitation of labor. The government wanted to increase in the quantity of money. -
Bessemer Process
A process by which Andrew Carnegie made steel stronger and cheaper. This resulted in more railroads and people wanted to buy this steel for the many uses it had, such as the railroads, buildings, or appliances. Railroads were now made out of steel rather than iron making it cheaper and safer. It also gave a lot of job opportunities to people. -
Light Bulb
The first electric light, called an electric arc, was invented by Humphry Davy in 1800, but Thomas Edison is credited with inventing the first long-lasting lightbulb. Until the invention of the lightbulb, humans could only work at day or by the light of candles or oil lamps, so people longed for a cheap, efficient, and long-lasting light source. People were facinated by the invention that they wanted to convert form oil and candles to electric lighting. -
Exodusters
They were freed African Americans who fled to Kansas during the Reconstruction Era. They left the South because they gained their freedom from the Civil War. Another reason why they left was because of racial oppression and rumors of the re-institution of slavery. They got their name by the book of the Bible that tells about the Jews escaping from slavery in Egypt. -
Robber Barons
They were greedy capitalists who grew rich by shady business. They manipulated political practices and worker exploitation. Big business owners such as Rockefeller, Carnegie, and J.P. Morgan did everything they could to make their businesses grow but didn't they their workers so much, yet they would spend and give away money to unreasonable things. -
Chinese Exclusion Act
A United States Law that prohibited all immigration of Chinese workers. It was one of the first laws that prevented from immigrating any ethnic group. It was passed by Congress and signed by President Chester A. Author. The law was made permanent because Chinese workers were being discriminant and they were taking their jobs away from them. -
Time Zones
Before time zones were established, each community set its own time, based mainly on the movement of the sun. They were created to help railroad schedules for departures and arrivals. The U.S. contained 4 time zones- Eastern, Central, Mountain and Pacific. -
Buffalo Bill Wild West Show
"Buffalo Bill" was an American scout, bison hunter, and showman. His shows were about Indian fights, cowboys, and cattle drivers, lassoing, and marksmanship. Many former cowboys, sharpshooters, and Indians were part of the show. Through the show, many Americans were able to see the "reality" of how the West initially was. -
Unskilled Labor
Those who work primarily with their hands because of lack of training. Workers didn't know how to properly function work equipment and had no type of education. You didn't need to be trained or you didn't need to be an expert for these low jobs such as janitors, messengers, and dishwashers. Workers in these jobs usually earn an hourly wage. -
Ward Boss
Worked to secure the vote in all precincts, in the ward, or electoral district. They helped the poor and gained support by doing favors or providing service. They just wanted to gain votes by the public by rewarding people. -
Ghost Dances
Native Americans believed that by dancing, dead spirits would protect them from bullets during war. This dance was popular among western Native Americans and military leaders saw this as a threat which lead to military intervention. It was resistance to -
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
This law made Trusts illegal because it interfered with free trade between states or with other countries. However the law was difficult to enforce because it was invoked only rarely against industrial monopolies, wasn't successful. Sherman was trying to help small companies and consumers by enforcing this law. This law also gave the Federal Government power to break up companies that violated the law. -
Period: to
Imperialism
-
Wounded Knee
When the Sioux gathered here for the Ghost Dance in 1890 U.S. troops opened fire killing 300 men, women, and children. Police tried to arrest Sitting Bull, who they mistakenly believed was a Ghost Dancer, and killed him in the process, increasing the tensions at Pine Ridge. The massacre ended the Ghost Dance movement and was the last major confrontation in America's deadly war against Native Americans. -
Sarah Winnemucca
Sarah was a Native American educator, lecturer, tribal leader, and writer. She went to a Native American boarding school that was established in the U.S. to educate Native American Children, American standards. She was a translator for her tribe between other countries, it was a hard position because all her life she was taught not to trust white men. However, this helped her tribe be safe and to be at peace with everyone. -
Social Darwinism
The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle. Darwin's natural selection and evolution theory to a human society, used to raise and improve the human race. It used to justify the injustices and inequalities. It was a belief that the strongest or fittest should survive and flourish in society while the weak and unfit should be allowed to die. -
Tenements
The were poorly built, overcrowded housing where many immigrants lived. These "apartments" were built in the cities, and it came with many benefits. Many immigrants found jobs which expanded the industrial economy and religious freedom was allowed. Even if they were crowded many people moved them however the conditions were bad, it was so overcrowded that it was filthy. -
Coca Cola
Some of the new artificial mineral waters were prepared using sodium bicarbonate, or soda, so that soda water became the generic term for such drinks. A Pharmacist mixed various ingredients in a three- legged pot to create a caramel- colored liquid, which he then took to a nearby pharmacy, combining the liquid with soda water to create the sweet, fizzy, and invigorating drink that would eventually reach nearly every corner of the world. -
Sears and Roebuck
Sears and Roebuck created the mass consumer market store and mail order catalog. It introduced them to new trends of fashion and home decor as well as making available new tools, machinery, and technologies for the home. People could order furniture, clothing, etc, and have it mailed to their homes. Became big on the south as a way for them to connect to bigger businesses and mainstream and popular products. -
Pullman Strike
Pullman was taking away workers' freedom so they wanted to negotiate but Pullman ignored them. Once workers left their jobs all the railroads were shut down except for mail. It was ended by the president due to the interference with the mail system, and brought a bad image upon unions. -
Period: to
Progressive Era
-
Treaty of Paris 1898
It ended the Spanish-American War and it confirmed the truce concerning Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Guam. American negotiators had startled the Spanish by demanding that they also cede the Philippines to the U.S, but an offer of 20 million for the islands softened Spain's resistance, the Spanish accepted the Americans terms. Cuba was finally freed from Spain. -
Yellow Journalism
Newspaper stories that are not necessarily true but they were exaggerated to catch the public's eye in order to sell their stories. Used to increase paper circulation prior to the Spanish-American war by exaggerating misdeeds of Spain prior to the war. -
Francis Willard
She was an American educator, temperance reformer, and women's suffragist. She became president for the World Woman's Christian Temperance Union; WCTU. She petitioned, preached, and fought for education. She urged laws banning the sale of liquor and wanted to strengthen democracy. The main goal for WCTU was for home protection and for women voting on alcohol concerns. -
Rough Riders
A group of American volunteers that formed to fight at San Juan Hill in Cuba during the Spanish-American War. Many of them were cowboys, ex-convicts, and other rugged men. The group was led by Teddy Roosevelt and it made him more popular that he was awarded a medal of honor. -
Battle of Manilla Bay
Marked the end of the wooden navy, US Steel Navy destroyed Spanish navy with one US fatalities. Battle during the Spanish-American war in which commander George Dewey, with the help of A Filipino Army led by Emilio Aguinaldo, succeeded in taking over Manila. The battle was fought because Americans living on the West Coast of the United States feared a Spanish attack at the outbreak of the Spanish-American War. -
Civil Service Exam
It was a test given to qualify candidates for positions in the government. The tests represented how hard social mobility was. Women, actors, and slaves were excluded from examination. The exams provided prestigious and well-paid jobs because it let people work for the government. -
William McKinley
He was a supporter of big business so he pushed for high protective tariff. Under his leadership, the U.S. became an imperial world power. Republican William McKinley defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan in 1896. He his presidency he addressed the open door policy, boxer rebellion, gold standard act, etc. He later on was assassinated by an anarchist in 1901. -
Emilio Aguinaldo
He collaborated with Filipino insurgents to overthrow the Spanish rulers. He led forces against Spain in the Philippine revolution and the Spanish American War. He became the first Philippine President, and declared peace with the U.S. in April 19, 1901. -
Big Stick Policy
A policy enacted by President Roosevelt that encouraged being peaceful in making resolutions but use force if necessary. They wanted other countries to negotiate and to agree with all of the U.S. terms if not the military would get involved, and everyone knew that the U.S. had the strongest army. -
Panama Canal
U.S. got the Panama Canal by helping the Panamanian's overthrow the Colombian government. The U.S. wanted to avoid going around South America and insure less time for U.S. Naval ships to travel and protect U.S. possessions around the world. However when building the canal the workers suffered yellow fever and malaria carried by mosquitoes. -
Susan B. Anthony
She devoted to the women's right movement; made speeches and organized state and national conventions on women's rights. She also collected signatures for a petition to grant women the right to vote and own property. Her main goal was to grant justice for everyone because she wanted for everyone, especially women to be created equally. Later on one of her most famous quotes was "Failure is impossible". She expanded people's rights and freedoms in democracy. -
National Monument
A monument is a state, building, or other work that is meant to remind people of an event or person. Teddy Roosevelt had residential authority to restrict the use of particular public land owned by federal government. The National Park Service was created to protect monuments and parks such as the Yellow Stone Park and Mount Rushmore. -
The Great White Fleet
Its primary purpose was to showcase American naval power. Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement." It consisted of sixteen new battleships of the Atlantic Fleet. The fourteen-month long voyage was a grand pageant of American sea power. -
Assembly Line
A manufacturing process invented by Henry Ford in which parts are added to a product to create a finished product much faster than with handcrafting-type methods. It was an arrangement of tools, machines, and workers, in which a product is assembled in a series of steps with each station performing one action as the product moves from station to station. It first started when Henry Ford was building the Model T car. -
Gentleman's Agreement
It was an agreement when Japan agreed to curb the number of workers coming to the US and in exchange Roosevelt agreed to allow the wives of the Japanese men already living in the US to join them. The school board pledged to end its segregation policy of Japanese children. In return Japan agreed to limit the emigration of its citizens to the U.S. -
Henry Ford
He introduced the Model T car, Assembly Line, $5.00 a day wage, and wanted to create a car affordable for the common man. This also greatly increased his workers wages and instituted many modern concepts of regular work hours and job benefits. His automobiles sparked a revolution in personal travel and made him a vast fortune. He required temperance from his employees, meaning no heavy drinking or gambling, this caused him to never lose touch with Americans, making him more successful. -
Standard Oil Trust
Through ruthless competition and superb organization, the Standard Oil Trust controlled 90 percent of oil refining in the United States. It was also one of the first multinational corporations, and at times distributed more than half of the company's kerosene production outside the US. The Supreme Court ordered it to break up into several dozen smaller companies. -
Election of 1912
Democrats nominated Woodrow Wilson, giving him a strong progressive platform called the "New Freedom" program. By the division of the Republican Party, a Democratic victory was ensured. Woodrow Wilson won. The Republicans were thrust into a minority status in Congress for the next six years. The result of the election shifted the political parties' direction: republicans became more conservative and democrats became more of a party of reform and gov. programs. -
17th Amendment
This amendment to the Constitution calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures. To vote for Senators, they need to be elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. In each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures. -
19th Amendment
This amendment guaranteed women the constitutional right to vote. The leading women in the amendment were Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. The movement for women's rights launched on a national level with the first women's rights convention in Seneca Falls, not until this event were Women heard. -
Faster Steel Ship
Ships were modernize to be faster and they were made out of steel. It benefited countries that were into Naval war because these ships were more stronger and faster unlike the ships from before. They are able to stand bomb shells better than wooden boats. Steel ships had many purposes such as high seas battleships, coastal defense ships, and long-range cruisers. -
Trench Warefare
It was a form of military conflict in which opposing sides fought one and other from trenches facing one and other. The conditions in the trenches were horrible, it was muddy, smelled of rotting bodies, sweat, and overflowing latrines. Soldiers often caught fevers or suffered from painful foot infections called trench foot, which resulted from standing in the mud and cold water that pooled in the bottom of the trenches. -
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
He was the heir of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire. He was assassinated by a Serbian named Princip Sarajevo in 1914. This event sparked a series of actions that led to the beginning of WWI. Archduke was a target of assassination, because he was next in line to the throne, and was very wealthy. People were angered by Austria's annexation of Bosnia a few years earlier. -
U Boats
U-boats were military submarines used by the Germans. While they were useful against warships, U-boats were the most effective in economic warfare by blockading coasts so resources could not be shipped to Germany's allies. It created war zones around British Isles, sank ships entering & leaving Britain. -
President Woodrow Wilson
He was a democrat and the leader of a progressive movement. He served 2 terms which corresponds to the 1st world war. He accomplished many things throughout his presidency but he was mainly known for creating the Treaty of Versailles, 14 points post-war plan, and he was in the League of Nations. His legislation lowered tariffs, created a graduated federal income tax, and established the Federal Trade Commission to control unfair business practices. -
Period: to
World War1
-
Pancho Villa
He was a Mexican revolutionary who killed many Americans in Mexico. The United States sent John J Pershing to capture him but never did. He was seen as a murderer by some people but some saw him as a hero because some Mexicans hated Americans. He later on was killed by a Mexican Rival. -
General John Pershing
Pershing was an American general who led troops against "Pancho" Villa in 1916. He was the commander of the American Expeditionary Forces in Europe during World War I. He was an important factor because without him leading the Expeditionary Force to war, the Allies may have loss. -
Vladimir Lenin
He ruled the Russian empire, was a Communist dictator, & First communist dictator of USSR led bolshevik revolution. He would lead the Communists to victory in the Civil War and would rule until his death in 1924. His economic plan was to industrialize and collectivization. He believed that by establishing a professional political party instead of a mass party, the working class can be changed and lead by a professional party completely devoted to the cause. -
Woman's Suffrage
Women's suffrage is the right of women to vote in elections; a person who advocates the extension of suffrage, particularly to women, is called a suffragist. Women fight for the right to vote and run for office, for blacks and women in general. The Woman's Suffrage movement was important because it resulted in passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. -
Spanish Flu
20-40% of people in the world are estimated to have become ill with the virus that attacked the young and healthy as well the weak. An estimated 675,000 people died in the U.S. and 50 million worldwide. The flu first came from Fort Collins where soldiers randomly started coming down with the flu and ended up dying. The flu spreads through the air, because it is a respiratory disease. -
Treaty of Versailles
The Germans were ordered to sign the treaty drawn up by Allies. German reparations would come to over $30 billion dollars. They were forced to assume full responsibility for causing the war. It was created by Woodrow Wilson, the president of the United States. -
Jazz
Jazz was played in bars, speakeasies, and clubs, consists of 5-7 instruments with a leading trumpet and clarinet, there also included a bass, piano, banjo or guitar, and drums, main characteristic was collective improvisation, often played in juke joints. It also started the swing era, which was a type of jazz music and dance. It originated in New Orleans because there were a lot of people from very different backgrounds in that city. -
Teddy Roosevelt
Took Office when McKinley was assassinated. 26th President. Teddy was a naturalist & believed everyone was equal.During is first term, he tried breaking down monopolies & worked on consumers. He has a treaty rejected by Columbia, that supported Panama to declare independence with U.S. naval presence, these actions was a way for the construction of the Panama Canal. He also started & established the National Park System, Bird Sanctuaries and National Monuments in order to better the environment. -
Cars
Henry Ford was the creator for the Model T car which was affordable and manufactured rapidly. The Ford Model T had a max speed of 45 MPH and sold over 10,000 Models in the first year alone. Cars were more beneficial because not many people were Urban so they could get to their destination faster and it was the first way of self-transport. -
Period: to
1920s
-
Vacuums
A device that uses an air pump to create a partial vacuum to suck up dust and dirt, usually from floors. British engineer Hubert Cecil Booth and American inventor David T. Kenney. Booth also may have coined the word "vacuum cleaner". The first vacuum was named Puffing Billy powered by an oil engine and later by an electric motor, but Booth never achieved much success with his large machine, which required a horse-drawn carriage for transport. -
18th Amendment
This banned the sale,manufacture, and transportation of alcohol. This movement attempted to dissuade people from becoming intoxicated because it always caused tensions and riots. It lasted about 14 years, however Speakeasies were created and alcohol was there because they were underground bars. -
First Red Scare
It was a period in the US when there was a suspicion of communism and fear of widespread infiltration of communists in the US government. The first red scare was used by business people to destroy unions. Tension increases between everyday American people. Nobody wanted to associate with somebody suspected for communism out of fear that they would get arrested. -
Immigration Act of 1924
Legislation that blocked Japanese immigration and set quotas for other nations. Favored immigrants from Northern and Western Europe. It was a United States federal law that limited the number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 2% of the number of people from that country who were already living in the U.S. -
The Theory of Evolution
This theory stated that animals could evolve from other animals in order to adapt to their environments. This theory was not widely accepted for it could possibly account for humans which would defeat the whole purpose of creationism. Differences are due to modification in successive generations. -
Marcus Garvey
He founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated a mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. He believed that equality for African Americans could never be achieved in the US. He gained 80,000 followers and he also funded the black star steam ship company. -
Herbert Hoover
He leaded the American Relief Administration during WW1. President Hoover was blamed for the Great Depression, he was blamed for the stock market crash, didn't relate to the common man, and he didn't believe in direct government. He believed that people succeed by their own efforts, he also though that handouts from govt would weaken people's self-respect, and that it would damage nations moral fiber. -
October 20, 1929
Was the most devastating stock market crash in the history of the United States. When the value of stocks plummeted as panicked investors solid off their stock in droves. The crash signaled the beginning of the 10-year Great Depression that affected all Western industrialized countries. It took a steep downturn and many lost their money and hope they had put in to the stock. -
Period: to
The Great Depression
-
Abram Smith
A mob formed at a jail in Indiana and demanding the officers to release three black people from their cells. They were released brutally beat them and lynched two of the three prisoners and one was Abram Smith. Because of this incident lynching was prohibited and many mix protests broke out. -
Father Charles Coughlin
He was a Catholic priest from Michigan and he was notorious for sympathy for fascism & outspoken. He proposed a series of monetary reforms that he insisted would restore prosperity &ensure economic justice. He had weekly sermons broadcast nationally over the radio. He also promoted schemes for the coinage of silver and made attacks on bankers that carried growing overtones of anti-Semitism. -
The Dust Bowl
It was the hardest hit by the drought where the soil was so dry it blew away in great clouds of dust. The Dust Bowl severely hit Colorado, Kansas, Texas, Oklahoma, and New Mexico. It lasted roughly 10 years and any people fell ill due to catching dust pneumonia. It was farmland that dried up in the Great Depression and the Government encouraged farmers to use contour farming techniques , use irrigation, use stubble mulching, use crop rotation, and plant shelter belts. -
Okies
It was the nickname given to farmers and their families who came from the panhandle regions of Oklahoma or Texas to California in search of the "Promised Land". Okies moved because of the Dust Bowl and because they were looking for jobs. The farm economy produced more food than Americans could buy, causing the price of farm goods to plummet, and Okies saw opportunity thats why they migrated. -
Election of 1932
A battle between those who believed that the federal government could not and should not try to fix people's problems and those who felt that large scale problems needed governments help. FDR won by a huge margin in part from the huge support from urban workers, coal miners, and immigrants of Catholic and Jewish descent. -
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
He was elected four terms in office but died in the beginning of his last term. He had polio which is a disease that makes his legs paralyzed and made a deal with the press to never take pictures of him getting off or on his car because he believed that the people would see him weak. Even though he had polio, he stilled stayed active in the media and politics. His most famous quote is "The only thing we have to fear, is fear it's self" married Eleanor Roosevelt who was a niece of Teddy Roosevelt -
Eleanor Roosevelt’s interest in Civil Rights
Elanor Roosevelt was an active member of the League Of Women Voters and the Democratic especially active member of the Women's Trade Union League. She embraced a civil rights agenda which accepted segregation and championed equal opportunity. Quality education became her top public priority. Her symbolic outreach generated a strong response from African Americans. The African American press and a strong communication network extolled her efforts. -
20th Amendment
Presidential terms sessions of Congress. It shortened the period of time a member of congress who was defeated for reelection remains in office. Presidents could only run two terms and inauguration day was set. New terms start dates for Congress and President every election day. -
21st Ammendment
It was a repeal of prohibition for the 18th amendment. It made the creating and selling alcoholic beverages legal. Each State Law says that each state is free to ban the making and selling of alcoholic drinks within its own boarders. However it was a federal offense if people brought liquor into a "dry" state. -
German Naval Code
The Enigma Machine was a machine that allowed an operator to create a message that would be scrambled up and the recipient needed the exact settings in order to decode the scrambled messages. The codes were use for battlefield, naval, and diplomatic communications. Several different Enigma models were produced, but the German military models are the ones most commonly discussed. -
Period: to
World War II
-
Battle of the Atlantic
It was a battle between the Germans and British. It was a naval war that lasted roughly 6 years. German U-boats, warships, Italian submarines against allied convoys transporting military equipment and supplies across the Atlantic to Great Britain and the Soviet Union. The battle started because each country wanted control over the Atlantic shopping lanes. Sunk merchant ships with torpedoes and then submerged to evade the counterattack by escorting warships. -
Hitler
He was the leader of NAZI Party and he blamed Jews for all of Germany troubles. He believed that strong leadership was required to save Germanic society, which was at risk due to Jewish, socialist, democratic, and liberal forces. He wanted social Darwinism, and idea that the German race would survive and prosper at the expense of all others. -
Lend Lease
It allowed sales or loans of war materials to any country whose defense the president deems vital to the defense of the U.S. The legislation gave President Franklin D. Roosevelt the powers to sell, transfer, exchange, lend equipment to any country to help it defend itself against the Axis powers. The money went to 38 different countries with Britain receiving over $31 billion however they repaid $650 million in total. -
Pearl Harbor
It was an attack by the Japanese Aircraft to America. Needed other natural resources which did not follow military policy. Hawaii is a very important, strategic location because it controls the Pacific Ocean and if the Japanese could take out the US naval fleet in Pearl Harbor, it would be easier to get oil from the Indis. They wanted to continue to take over countries in Southeast Asia, and they wanted to cripple the US Navy. -
2nd Battle of El Alamein
Allies' victory marked major turning point in the Western Desert Campaign of the Second World War. El Alamein revived the morale of the Allied side, being the first major offensive against the Germans since the start of the European war in 1939 in which the Western Allies achieved a decisive victory & Allies secured the Suez Canal. -
Quebec Conference
It was an agreement about military operations in Far East: Southeast Asia command, Lord Louis Mountbatten. Chiefs of Naval Staffs reported Allies won Atlantic Battle. To reduce Germany to agrarian econ, rejected by FDR. They agreed strong central government plan called 72 resolutions. Mussolini resign from office and the U.S. strategy was in the Pacific War. Operation Overlord was the bombing against Germany & developed nuclear technology. -
Atomic Warfare
The invasion of Japan would cost thousands of American lives. Japan might not surrender until it was invaded and conquered. The atomic bomb would end the war and save lives. It made countries feel powerful when they went to war however, the U.S. didn't want to invest in the creation of atomic bombs because they saw it as a waste of time and money. But it would show the USSR how powerful the United States was and give the United States more bargaining power after the war. -
The Holocaust
The mass slaughter of Jews and other groups judged inferior by the Nazis. Germans blamed Jews for their country's defeat in World War I and for its economic problems. Concentration camps were created to keep Jews separated from everyone to later be executed. However man Non-Jewish people hid Jews in homes or helped them escape to neutral countries to smuggled them out. -
D-Day
Allies landed in Northern France to open a Second Front against Germany. The Normandy Invasion drove the Germans out of France. The Allied attempt to win back France from Nazi Germany by landing troops on the French beaches of Normandy. Allied air power bombs being dropped on German military installations guarding the beaches before the naval assault. About 10,000 planes and 7,000 ships were used during the war. -
Great Migration
The migration of African Americans in the south to go north or mid west. They were escaping discrimination, segregation, and Jim Crow laws. African Americans went north to look for Jobs to find the freedom and economic opportunities unavailable to them in the South.
