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Period: to
Imperialism
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Bessemer Process
Henry Bessemer was the inventor and engineer who developed the first process for manufacturing steel inexpensively. It then lead to the development of the Bessemer converter. The process was said to be independently discovered in 1851 by the American inventor William Kelly, though there is little to back up this claim. During the Crimean War, Bessemer invented an elongated artillery shell that was rotated by the powder gases. There was more things invented also that became known as this process. -
Theory of Evolution
The word "evolution" in its broadest sense refers to change or growth that occurs in a particular order. Pre-Socratic Greek philosophers, such as Anaximander and Empedocles, were the first to propose that one type of organism could descend from another type. Evolution inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce. In 1858 Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel published a new evolutionary theory, explaining in detail in Darwin's On the Origin of Species -
Period: to
Transforming the West
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Homestead Act
Under the Homestead Act settlers received 160 acres if their land was "improved" for five years. Because of this landless farmers, former slaves, and single women took advantage. The homestead act passed in Congress, but was vetoed by President James Buchanan which was a Democrat. After the Southern states seceded from the Union in 1861, the bill was passed and signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln. -
Morrill Land Grant College Act
The Morrill Land Grant College Act was an Act that donated Public Lands to the several States and Territories which could provide Colleges for the Benefit of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts. The Morrill Land-Grant Acts were United States statutes that allowed for the creation of land-grant colleges in United States using the proceeds of federal land sales.The act of granted each state 30,000 acres, or 12,000 hectares, of land for each member it had in Congress. -
Period: to
Becoming an Industrial Power
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Knights of Labor
The Knights of Labor, or officially Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor, were the first important national labor organization in the United States. The organization was founded in 1869 by Terence V. Powderly and Uriah Smith Stephens. Its most important leader was Terence V. Powderly. The knights of labor organization was originated as a secret organization that was meant to protect its members from employer retaliations. -
Ghost Dances
The Ghost Dance was a religious movement incorporated into numerous American Indian belief systems. This circle dance is a traditional dance used by many Indian peoples since prehistoric times. According to the Northern Paiute spiritual leader Wovoka, proper practice of the dance would reunite the living with spirits of the dead, bring the spirits of the dead to fight on their behalf, make the white colonists leave, and bring peace, prosperity, and unity to Indian peoples throughout the region. -
Period: to
The Gilded Age
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Red River War
The Red River War was a military campaign that was launched by the United States Army in 1874. It was used in order to remove tribes like the Comanche, Kiowa, Southern Cheyenne, and Arapaho Native American tribes from the Southern Plains and were forced to relocate to reservations in Indian Territory. It is said that during this time, over twenty agreements were made between the U.S. Army and the Southern Plains Indians across the Texas Panhandle region. -
Telephone
Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876. Although it was Bell's design, he was not the first inventor to come up with the idea of a telephone. Antonio Meucci who was an Italian immigrant, began developing the design of a talking telegraph or telephone in 1849. Alexander came up with the idea while visiting his hearing-impaired mother in Canada. The nineteenth century was the era of communication revolution. It was an era when many electronic communication devices were invented. -
Battle of Little Big Horn
The battle of little big horn was fought near the Little Bighorn River in Montana Territory. The battle was fought between federal troops led by Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer and a band of Lakota Sioux and Cheyenne warriors. In late 1875, Sioux and Cheyenne Indians defiantly left their reservations, outraged over the continued intrusions of whites into their sacred lands in the Black Hills. They gathered in Montana to fight & the Indians wiped out Lieutenant Colonel George Custer. -
Phonograph
The phonograph was created by Thomas Edison. The idea came to him while working on improvements for the telegraph and the telephone. Edison figured out a way to record sound on tinfoil-coated cylinders. In 1877, he created a machine with two needles: one for recording and one for playback. The next year, Edison established the Edison Speaking Phonograph Company to sell the new machine. The invention had so many uses for it other then making recordings. -
Farmers Alliance
The Farmers Alliance began in Texas in mid-1870s and took over the entire South during the late 1880s. It was a fraternal organization of white farmers and other rural southerners including teachers, ministers, and physicians. What the Farmers Alliance attempted to do was to solve the mounting financial problems of southern farmers by forming cooperative purchasing and marketing enterprises. The efforts failed which led to the Alliance establishing a national third party in the early 1890s -
Exodusters
Exodusters was a name given to African Americans who migrated from states along the Mississippi River to Kansas in the late nineteenth century. It was the first general migration of blacks following the Civil War.Former slaves migrated west for better opportunities. Some Africans were successful but many would settle in bad lands and lacked money. They would relocate back to the South or continued out further west. -
Light Bulb
The electric light was not invented in by Thomas Alva Edison in 1879. 1802, Humphry Davy invented the first electric light. He invented it by experimenting with electricity. He turned out to invent an electric battery. When he connected wires to his battery and a piece of carbon, the carbon glowed, it produced light. His invention was known as the Electric Arc lamp. And while it produced light, it didn’t produce it for long and was much too bright for practical use. -
Five and Dime Stores
A variety store, pound shop, dollar store... is a retail store that sells a wide range of inexpensive household goods. Variety stores arose in the early 20th century, with Woolworth's model to reduce store overheads by simplifying the duties of sales clerks. The concept of the variety store originated with the five and ten or five and dime. The originators of the concept were the Woolworth Bros., in July 1879. On June 21, 1879, Frank Winfield Woolworth opened his first successful five-cent store -
Assassination of President Garfield
The assassination of the 20th President James A. Garfield, was initiated upon him being shot at 9:30 am on July 2, 1881, less than four months into his term as President. It ended in his death, 79 days later on September 19, 1881. President Garfield was shot by Charles Guiteau because Garfield had denied him a job in the government. Guiteau shot Garfield at a railroad depot and eventually died because they could not get the bullet out of his body. -
Chinese Exclusion Act
The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first and major law restricting immigration into the United States. The law prohibited Chinese laborers both skilled and unskilled, and mining employed Chinese from entering the United States. This also prevented Chinese laborers who had left the country from returning. In 1882, the act was passed by the Congress and signed by the President Chester A. A. Arthur. The act lasted 10 years and was later extended for another 10 years by the 1892 Geary Act -
Pendleton Act
The Pendleton Act was a law enacted by the United States in 1883 after the assassination of president James A. Garfield. The act said that Federal Government jobs would be awarded on the basis of merit, and government employees would be selected through competitive exams. Another thing the act did was that it banned Federal candidates from requiring for federal employees to work on their campaigns or make financial contributions. -
Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show
William Frederick "Buffalo Bill" Cody launched Buffalo Bill's Wild West show in Omaha, Nebraska. In the 1880s Buffalo Bill started producing a theatrical spectacle. It was wildly popular and one of the most famous acts in his show included a performer known as Annie Oakley. In 1893, Cody changed the title to Buffalo Bill's Wild West and Congress of Rough Riders of the World. It started when Buffalo Bill Cody turned his real life adventure into the first outdoor western show. -
Coca Cola
In 1886, Coca-Cola was invented by a pharmacist named John Pemberton. He fought in the Civil War, and at the end of the war he decided he wanted to invest in something with commercial success. But everything he made ended up failing in pharmacies. He moved to Atlanta and decided to try the beverages. At this time, temperance was keeping patrons out of bars, so making a soda-fountain drink made sense. Coca Cola was made, but it didnt do so well. Pemberton died and never got the chance to fix it. -
Haymarket Riot
The Haymarket Riot took place on May 4, 1886. The rally at the Haymarket Square was organized by labor radicals. It was used to protest the killing and wounding of several workers by the Chicago police during a strike the day before at the McCormick Reaper Works. Demands for an eight-hour working day were increasingly widespread among American laborers in the 1880s. A demonstration, largely staged by a small group of anarchists, caused a crowd of some 1,500 people to gather at Haymarket Square. -
Kodak Camera
In 1888, George Eastman invented flexible film and introduced the first Kodak camera shown to use this type of film. In 1888 the original Kodak camera sold for $25 already loaded with a roll of film and included a leather carrying case. Unlike earlier cameras that used a glass-plate negative for each exposure, the Kodak came pre-loaded with a 100-exposure roll of flexible film. After the roll was finished, the camera was mailed back to the factory to have the prints made. -
Period: to
Progressive Era
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Sherman Anti-trust act
The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was the first Federal act that outlawed monopolistic business practices. The Act of 1890 was the first measure passed by the U.S. Congress to prohibit trusts. After a decade that it was passed, the Sherman Antitrust Act was appealed to only rarely against industrial monopolies, and then not successfully. The act's only effective use for a number of years was against labor unions, which were held by the courts to be illegal combinations. -
Silver Act
The Sherman Silver Purchase Act had been passed in response to the growing complaints of farmers' and miners' interests. The Sherman Silver Purchase Act, passed by the U.S. Congress in 1890, was passed to replace the Bland-Allison Act of 1878. The act not only required the U.S. government to purchase nearly twice as much silver as before, but also added a significant amount of money to what was already in circulation. -
Wounded Knee Massacre
The Wounded Knee Massacre took place near Wounded knee Creek in the United States' state of South Dakota on December 29, 1890. On the morning of December 29, the U.S. Cavalry troops went into the camp to disarm the Lakota. Simultaneously, an old man was performing a ritual called the Ghost Dance. A man's rifle went off at that point, and the U.S. army began shooting at the Native Americans. When the massacre was over, more than 150 men, women, and children were killed -
Motion Picture Camera
In 1878, British photographer Eadweard Muybridge made a series of still photographs of a horse that when viewed them in sequence, which made it appear to be galloping. By 1892 Edison and Dickson invented a motion picture camera and the Kinetoscope. The kinetiscope was a "peephole" used to view through the device. The camera was first shown publicly in 1893 and the following year the first Edison films were exhibited commercially -
City Beautiful Movement
The City Beautiful movement was established in order to reduce and eliminate city problems by redesign. It was a reform philosophy of North American architecture and urban planning that flourished during the 1890s and 1900s with the intent of introducing beautification and monumental grandeur in cities. The movement and exposition inspired city planners for a generation. Because of this, city centers became centers of commerce in which no one lived. -
Depression of 1893
The depression of 1893 was a national economic crisis caused by the collapse of the country's two largest employers, the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad and the National Cordage Company. Because of the financial crisis, banks and other investment firms began calling in loans, causing hundreds of business bankruptcies across the United States. Banks, railroads, and steel mills fell into bankruptcy. Because of this, over fifteen thousand businesses closed during the Panic of 1893. -
World's Columbian Exposition 1893
The World's Columbian Exposition was a world fair held in Chicago in 1893 to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the New World on 1492. It was the fair to end all fairs. It was also the fifteenth such exposition in the world, and only the second in the United States. The Exposition was an influential social and cultural event. It had a profound effect on architecture, sanitation, art, Chicago's self-image, and American industrial optimism -
Radio
During the 1860s, James Clerk Maxwell, a Scottish physicist, predicted the existence of radio waves. In 1886, German physicist, Heinrich Rudholph Hertz demonstrated that rapid variations of electric current could be projected into space in the form of radio waves similar to those of light and heat. Serbian-American scientist Nikola Tesla and Italian physicist Guglielmo Marconi went against each other in what would become the race to invent the radio, & in 1884, Tesla invented the induction coil -
Cuban War of Independence
The Cuban War of Independence was the last of three liberation wars that Cuba fought against Spain. The other two were the Ten Years' War and the Little War. By the end of the 1800s, Spain had lost all of its New World colonies except Cuba and Puerto Rico. Many Cubans did not wish to be under Spanish rule, so they fled to Florida and other parts of the United States. The war ended on December 10, 1898. -
Klondike Gold Rush
The Klondike Gold Rush was a migration by an estimated 100,000 prospectors to the Klondike region of the Yukon in north-western Canada between 1896 and 1899. In August 16 of 1896 when Skookum Jim Mason, Dawson Charlie and George Washington Carmack found gold in a tributary of the Klondike River in Canada's Yukon Territory. When news reached Seattle and San Francisco the following year, it triggered a stampede of prospectors. It was immortalized in photographs, books, films, and artifacts. -
Election of 1896
The presidential election of November 3, 1896, was a win for Republican William McKinley and a defeat for Democrat William Jennings Bryan. The campaign was considered by historians to be one of the most dramatic and complex in American history. This was later regarded as a realigning election, starting the Fourth Party System in which Republicans dominate politics until about 1932. On December 7th the 54th United States Congress began its second session. -
Battle of Manila Bay
The battle of Manila Bay took place in Manila Bay in the Philippines, on March 1st of 1898. It was the first major engagement of the Spanish–American War. The battle marked the end of the wooden navy, and the US Steel Navy destroyed Spanish navy with one of the US fatalities. Nearly four hundred Spanish sailors lost their lives that day, and ten Spanish warships wrecked or captured at the cost of only six Americans wounded. The American Squadron lastly engaged and destroyed the Spanish Squadron. -
Battle of San Juan Hill
A month after the outbreak of the Spanish-American War, a Spanish fleet docked in the Santiago de Cuba harbor after racing across the Atlantic from Spain. A U.S. naval force then arrived soon after and blocked the harbor entrance. On July 3, the Spanish fleet was destroyed off Santiago by U.S. warships under the watch of Admiral William Sampson, and on July 17 the Spanish surrendered the city to the Americans -
Siege of Santiago
The Siege of Santiago was the last major operation of the Spanish–American War on the island of Cuba. On July 3, 1898, the same day as the naval battle, Major General William "Pecos Bill" Shafter began the siege of Santiago. In this battle, the United States Navy decisively defeated Spanish forces, sealing American victory in the Spanish–American War. They won the Independence for Cuba from the Spanish rule. -
Treaty of Paris 1898
The Treaty of Paris of 1898 was an agreement made involving Spain claiming the remaining of the Spanish Empire, especially Cuba, and ceding Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the United States. Apart from the treaty guaranteeing the independence of Cuba, it also forced Spain to cede Guam and Puerto Rico to the United States. The treaty was signed on December, 10th of 1898, ending the Spanish-American War. -
War in the Philippines
The Philippine-American War lasted from 1899 to 1902. After loosing in the Spanish-American War, Spain gave up its longstanding colony of the Philippines to the United States in the Treaty of Paris. The war began on February 4, 1899, two days before the U.S. senate ratified the Treaty of Paris which ended the Spanish-American War. Americans saw this war as an insurrection or an uprising. The war ended up lasting about three years. -
Election of 1900
The election of 1900, was the 29th quadrennial presidential election. It took place on November 6, 1900. In this election, Republicans nominated William McKinley who advocated imperialism. While Democrats nominated William J. Bryan for free silver. As a result, McKinley won the election with an overwhelming victory in the urban areas. President McKinley also ran for reelection with the Spanish-American war hero Theodore Roosevelt. -
Vacuums
The first attempts to provide a mechanical solution to floor cleaning began in England in 1599. Before vacuum cleaners, rugs were cleaned by hanging them over a wall or line and hitting them with a carpet beater to pound out as much dirt as possible. On June 8, 1869, inventor Ives McGaffey created a "sweeping machine." This was the first patent for a device that cleaned rugs, but it was not motorized. In 1901, Hubert Cecil Booth invented a large vacuum cleaner known as the Puffing Billy. -
Platt Amendment
The Platt Amendment was passed as part of the 1901 Army Appropriations Bill. The amendment gave the US the right to take over the Island of Cuba if it entered into a treaty or debt that might place its freedom in danger. This amendment also gave the U.S. the right to put a naval base in Cuba to protect it and the US holdings in the Caribbean. As a result to this, Cuba resented this amendment very much. It stipulated seven conditions and an eighth stating Cuba's agreement to these conditions. -
Big Stick Policy
The Big Stick Policy is a reference to the U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt's foreign policy. The policy was passed on September of 1901. His policy was "speak softly, and carry a big stick." The policy was enacted by President Roosevelt himself. It encouraged being peaceful in making resolutions but to use force if necessary. The policy was used as a way of intimidating countries without actually harming them and was the basis of U.S. imperialistic foreign policy. -
Teddy Bear
The Teddy Bear was invented as an honor of Theodore Roosevelt. The beginning of this invention was when Theodore Roosevelt was on a bear hunting trip near Onward, Mississippi. He was invited by Andrew H. Longino on November 14, 1902, and unlike the rest, Teddy had not shot a single bear. Holt Collier then cornered and tied a black bear to a willow tree. They told Roosevelt to shoot it, but refused. Morris Michtom decided to create a stuffed toy bear and dedicate it to Roosevelt. -
Russo Japanese War
The Russo Japanese War started on February 8, 1904 and ended on September 5, 1905. After Russia reneged in 1903 on an agreement to withdraw its troops from Manchuria, Japan decided it was time to attack. The war began as the main Japanese fleet launched a surprise attack and siege on the Russian naval squadron at Port Arthur. Both Russia and Japan wanted to expand into the Chinese empire. The war was concluded at a peace conference made by President Roosevelt in Portsmouth USA, on August 23rd. -
Pure Food and Drug Act
The pure food and drug act was passed in order to prevent the manufacture, sale, or transportation of adulterated or misbranded, poisonous or deleterious foods, drugs, medicines, and liquors, and for regulating traffic and for other purposes. Upton Sinclair, wrote a book called The Jungle, in which he documented the dirty conditions of rat-infested meat factories. Because of his book, the Meat Inspection Act was signed into law on the same day that the Pure Food and Drug Act was also signed. -
Meat Inspection Act
The meat inspection act of 1906 was signed by President Theodore Roosevelt on June 30th, 1906. The act prohibited the sale of adulterated and misbranded meat. It ensured that livestock was slaughtered and processed under sanitary conditions. The law also madated that the U.S. Department of Agriculture inspect all livestock both before and after being slaughtered and processed for importion for selling and human consumption. -
Model T
The Model T changed the american life, work, and travel. Henry Ford’s automobile manufacturing made the Model T the first car to be affordable for a majority of Americans. For the first time car ownership became a reality for average American workers, not just for the wealthy, but for all. More than 15 million Model T's were built in Detroit and Highland Park, Michigan. The automobile was also assembled at a Ford plant in Manchester, England, and in continental Europe. -
Mexican Revolution
The Mexican Revolution started in 1910 and ended in 1920. The revolution was a political revolution that removed dictator Porfirio Diaz, and established a constitutional. A number of groups participated in the long and costly conflict that were led by revolutionaries including Francisco Madero, Pascual Orozco, Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata. A constitution was later drafted in 1917 and formalized many of the reforms sought by rebel groups, periodic violence continued into the 1930s. -
Bull Moose Party
In the election of 1912, Republicans were badly split so Roosevelt broke away forming his own Progressive Party. He called it the Bull Moose Party because he was "fit as a bull moose". His loss led to the election of Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson, but he gained more third party votes than ever before. The platform of the Bull Moose Party reflected Roosevelt's New Nationalism. -
17th Amendment
The 17th amendment helped Americans with direct election of U.S. Senators. Americans did not directly vote for senators for the first 125 years of the Federal Government. The Constitution, as it was adopted in 1788, stated that senators would be elected by state legislatures. The 17th amendment was ratified in 1913. The amendment strengthened the link between citizens and the federal government. Prior to its passage, Senators were chosen by state legislatures. -
Ludlow Massacre
In the early 20th century, the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company was owned and controlled by John D. Rockefeller Jr. The Ludlow Massacre was an attack by the Colorado National Guard and Colorado Fuel & Iron Company camp guards on a tent colony of 1,200 striking coal miners and their families at Ludlow, Colorado, on April 20, 1914. During the massacre, many lives were lost or destroyed by the hands of big business. -
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, occurred on June 28th of 1914. Gavrilo Princip mortally wounded the two in Sarajevo. The assassination led to World War I when Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Serbia in which rejected the issue. Austria-Hungary then declared war, provoking actions leading to the war between European states. -
Period: to
World War I
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Schlieffen Plan
The Schlieffen plan was created in 1914 to avoid war on two fronts. The plan was created by General Alfred von Schlieffen. It stated that Germany would attack France first by traveling through Belgium, and take Paris in about 3 weeks. Belgium which was a small, neutral country. France would then surrender once Paris was taken, and then Germany would attack Russia. After formulating the Schlieffen plan, Germany declared war on Russia, then France, then put the plan in action. -
Sussex Pledge
The Sussex Pledge was a promise made by Germany to the United States in May of 1916. It was made during World War I before the latter entered the war. Early in 1915, Germany instituted a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare. This allowed armed merchant ships, not passenger ships, to be torpedoed without warning. This said that submarines, U-Boats, would warn ships before attacking. This was also an event that caused the U.S. to declare war on April 6, of 1917. -
National Park System
The National Park Service was an agency of the United States federal government, that managed all national parks, national monuments, and other conservation and historical properties with various title designations. The National Park system was started by Woodrow Wilson, Theodore Roosevelt, Stephen Mather, and Horace M. Albright. Their mission is to preserve, unimpaired the natural and cultural resources and values for the enjoyment, education, and inspiration of this and future generations. -
Zimmerman Telegram
The Zimmerman telegram was started by Arthur Zimmermann, a German foreign secretary, on March 1917. The telegram was a message which called on Mexico to join in a coming war against the US and promised to help it recover territory lost in the Mexican War of 1846-1848. It was first started because British spies intercepted and were made public. The telegram was an important event because President Wilson went before Congress to ask for a declaration of war against Germany because of this. -
First Red Scare
The First Red Scare was a period during the early 20th-century history of the United States marked by a widespread fear of Bolshevism and anarchism, due to real and imagined events. At its height in 1919–1920, concerns over the effects of radical political agitation in American society and the spread of communism and anarchism in the American labor movement fueled a general sense of concern and paranoia. The Scare originated in the hyper-nationalism of World War I and the Russian Revolution -
Russian Revolution
The Russian revolution took place in 1917. In the early 1900s, Russia was one of the most impoverished countries in Europe. They had an enormous peasantry and a growing minority of poor industrial workers. Peasants and working class people of Russia revolted against the government of Tsar Nicholas II. They were led by Vladimir Lenin and a group of revolutionaries called the Bolsheviks. The new communist government created the country of the Soviet Union. -
Espionage Act
In June 1917, the Congress passed the Espionage Act, which defined espionage during wartime. The act gave postal officials the authority to ban newspapers and magazines from the mails and threatened individuals convicted of obstructing the draft with $10,000 fines and 20 years in jail. The law was passed shortly after the entrance of World War I. The Espionage Act also allowed the poster master general to exclude seditious material from the axial. -
Spanish Flu
The Spanish flu of 1918 infected an estimated 500 million people worldwide and killed an estimated 20 million to 50 million victims. The 1918 flu was first seen in Europe, the U.S., and parts of Asia before spreading world wide. At the time, there were no effective drugs or vaccines to treat this killer flu strain. Citizens were ordered to wear masks. Schools, theaters and businesses were shuttered and bodies piled up in makeshift morgues before the virus ended its deadly global march. -
14 points
The Fourteen Points was a number of principles for peace that was used for peace negotiations in order to end World War I. The fourteen points were created by President Woodrow Wilson. It called for free trade which was an end to secret pacts between nations. In addition, it called for freedom of the seas, arms reduction, and the creation of a world organization Which was called the League of Nations. Wilson listen these points on January 8th, 1918 explaining to the congress of the WWI peace. -
Murder of the Romanov's
On the night of July 16, Nicholas, Alexandra, their five children and four servants were ordered to dress quickly and go down to the cellar of the house. The family and servants were arranged in two rows for a photograph they were told was being taken. Suddenly, a dozen armed men burst into the room and gunned down the family in a hail of gunfire. Those who were still breathing when the smoked cleared were stabbed to death, bringing an end to the three-century-old Romanov dynasty. -
World Christian Fundamentals Association
The World Christian Fundamentals Association, was an interdenominational organization founded in 1919. It was founded by the Baptist minister William Bell Riley of the First Baptist Church, Minneapolis, Minnesota. The organization was formed to launch "a new Protestantism" based upon premillennial interpretations of biblical prophecy, but soon turned its focus more towards opposition to evolution. -
Harlem Renaissance
The Harlem Renaissance was the development of the Harlem neighborhood in New York City as a black cultural mecca in the early 20th Century. The results were the subsequent social and artistic explosion. The renaissance lasted roughly from the 1910s through the mid-1930s. This period was considered really important to African American culture. It manifested in literature, music, stage performance and art. -
Period: to
1920's
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18th Amendment
What the 18th amendment did was it banned the sale, manufacture, and transportation of alcohol. The 18th amendment was followed by the Temperance movement. The movement attempted to dissuade people from becoming intoxicated. The 18th amendment was ratified on January 16, 1919 and lasted for 14 years. The Volstead Act was only allowed if alcohol was prescribed by a doctor. The amendment was repealed on 1933 by the 21st Amendment.Because of this Speakeasies were formed as illegal secret bars. -
National Socialist-German Workers’ Party
The National Socialist-German Workers’ Party (NAZI), was founded on February 24, 1920 in Munich, Germany. It was founded by Anton Drexler and Dietrich Eckart. It was run under the leadership of Adolf Hitler from 1889 through 1945. Hitler joined the party the year it was founded and became its leader in 1921. It grew into a big movement and ruled Germany from 1933 to 1945. The group promoted German pride and anti-Semitism, and expressed dissatisfaction with the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. -
19th Amendment
The 19th Amendment in the Constitution of the United States provides men and women with equal voting rights. At the time, female citizens did not share all of the same rights as men. The amendment gave citizens the right to vote. It prohibited any United States citizen to be denied the right to vote based on their sex. The amendment was ratified on August 18, 1920 after the women's suffrage movement. -
Teapot Dome Scandal
The Teapot Dome Scandal was a bribery incident that took place in the United States from 1921 to 1922, during the administration of President Warren G. Harding. The oil reserves at Teapot Dome and California had been set aside at the request of the U.S. Navy. It had been converting coal-fueled ships into oil-powered vessels since 1909. In 1927, in Wyoming and California, the Supreme Court voided the suspicious oil leases in and production was halted at Teapot Dome and the California sites. -
Immigration Act of 1924
The Immigration Act of 1924 limited the number of immigrants allowed entry into the United States through a national origins quota. The quota provided immigration visas to two percent of the total number of people of each nationality in the United States as of the 1890 national census. The Act contained a literacy test that required immigrants over 16 years old to demonstrate basic reading comprehension in any language. The Act also excluded from entry anyone born in the “Asiatic Barred Zone”. -
American Indian Citizenship Act
On June 2, 1924, the congress granted citizenship to all Native Americans born in the U.S. But even after the Indian Citizenship Act, some Native Americans weren't allowed to vote because the right to vote was governed by state law. Until 1957, some states barred Native Americans from voting. Before the Civil War, citizenship was often limited to Native Americans of one-half or less Indian blood, but with this act, the government confers citizenship to Native Americans born in the United States. -
Scopes Monkey Trial
The Monkey Trial began with John Thomas Scopes, a young high school science teacher, in Dayton, Tennessee.He was accused of teaching evolution in violation of the Tennessee state law against evolution. The law was passed in March and made it a misdemeanor punishable by fine to “teach any theory that denies the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible". It said to instead teach that "man has descended from a lower order of animals.” In 1927, the Monkey Trial was overturned. -
Valentine's Day Massacre
The Saint Valentines Day Massacre, was the culmination of a gang war between arch rivals Al Capone and Bugs Moran. The Bugs Moran were the North side Irish gang, while the Al Capone were the South side Italian gang. The massacre took place in North Clark Street in Chicago. In the 1920's, Chicago was carved up by two rival gangs vying for power. Bugs Moran ordered the assassination attempt on Jack Machine Gun McGurn. The first thing built in effect to this was a crime laboratory. -
Period: to
The Great Depression
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The Dust Bowl
The Dust Bowl was a period of severe dust storms that greatly damaged the ecology and agriculture of the American and Canadian prairies during the 1930s. It was a severe drought which caused for farming methods to prevent wind erosion but failed. The drought and erosion of the Dust Bowl affected 100,000,000 acres. The drought came three times, in 1934, 1936, and 1939 through 1940, but some regions of the high plains experienced drought conditions for as many as eight years. -
20th Amendment
The 20th amendment was the amendment that sets the dates at which federal government elected offices to end. The amendment was ratified on January 23, 1933. It also defines who succeeds after the president if the president dies. It addresses the terms of elected Federal officials, including the President, Vice-President, and members of Congress. Of all Amendments, it is of particular interest that the terms of elected Federal officials remained unchanged or unrevised until 1933, when ratified. -
The Holocaust
The Holocaust was the mass murder of six million Jews and millions of other people leading up to and also took place during World War II. The killings of these people took place in Europe between 1933 and 1945. They were organized by the leader of the German Nazi party, Adolf Hitler. Most were killed by genocide. They all belonged to certain racial or religious groups which was the Nazi's goal to wipe out. They also killed those who tried to speak out against Hitler. -
The New Deal
The New Deal was the set of federal programs launched by President Franklin D. Roosevelt after taking office in 1933. He launched them in response to the disaster of the Great Depression, and lasted until American entry into the Second World War in 1942. The New Deal lasted from 1933 trough 1937. The programs were set to provide relief to millions of Americans that were stuck in a state of poverty as a result of the Great Depression. -
Adjustment Act (AAA)
The Agricultural Adjustment Act, also known as the AAA, was a United States federal law part of the New Deal passed in 1933. The law offered farmers subsidies in exchange for limiting their production of certain crops. The subsidies were meant to limit overproduction so that crop prices could increase. Crop prices did indeed rise, so did farm income. The latter by 58% between 1932 and 1935. In 1937, the Supreme Court stated that the AAA was unconstitutional, but was later passed again into law. -
Emergency Relief Act
The Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA) was enacted on July 21, 1932. It was the United States's first major-relief legislation, which enabled under Herbert Hoover. The Act was later adopted and expanded by Franklin D. Roosevelt as part of his New Deal. FERA's purpose was initially to distribute 500 million dollars in federal funds to state agencies as grants for relief purposes. The provisions of the act provided that authorization for FERA would expire in two years from the date of inception. -
Glass - Steagall Act
The Glass-Steagall Act was created by Senator Carter Glass of Virginia, and Representative Henry B. Steagall of Alabama. The Glass-Steagall Act refers to 2 separate federal laws. The first was passed on February 27, 1932 and the second was passed on June 16, 1933. The Banking Act of 1933 (the second act), was the law that most people refer to as the Glass-Steagall Act. It prohibited commercial banks from engaging in the investment business and created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation -
National Industrial Recovery Act
The National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) was a US labor law and consumer law passed by the US Congress. It authorized the President to regulate industry for fair wages and prices that would stimulate economic recovery. President Roosevelt signed the bill into law on June 16, 1933. The act was declared unconstitutional in 1935, when the Supreme Court made a unanimous decision in the case Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States. -
Federal Housing Authority
The Federal Housing Authority was a federal agency created during 1937 within the United States Department of the Interior as part of the New Deal. The administration was designed to lend money to the states or communities for low-cost construction. The FHA was responsible for several mortgage insurance programs. It charged borrowers fees to cover the cost of the insurance loan. But the history of it is, that the FHA did not charge high enough fees to cover all of its expenses. -
Exchange Act
The Securities Exchange Act (SEA) was enacted on June 6, 1934. The Act went by many names, it was also called the Exchange Act, '34 Act, or 1934 Act. The act was created to govern security transactions on the secondary market, after the issue of ensuring greater financial transparency and accuracy. The SEA provided investors and the markets with more reliable information and clear rules of honest dealing. It also formed the Securities Exchange Commission or SEC. -
Social Security Act
The Social Security Act was signed on August 14, 1935 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Besides provisions for general welfare, the new Act created a social insurance program designed to pay retired workers age 65 or older a continuing income after retirement. The act also benefited victims of industrial accidents, unemployment insurance, aid for dependent mothers and children, the blind, and the physically handicapped. -
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World War II
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Operation Barbarossa
Operation Barbarossa was formed during World War II on June 22nd, 1941. It was code name for the German invasion of the Soviet Union, which was originally named Operation Fritz. four million German's attacked the Soviet Union. Germans decided to attack because of their need of land and oil. In effect to this, Germans used Blitzkrieg, lightning war, to get what they wanted. On December of 1941, Germans advance halts which causes Russian resistance to stop and soldiers suffer through a cold winter -
Battle of Leningrad
The Siege of Leningrad lasted 872 days from 1941 to 1944, resulting in deaths of about one million of city civilians and red army defenders. Leningrad was one of many initial targets of the German invasion on June 1941. The battle started on September 8, 1941, when Germans completed their encirclement throughout the city. After November 1941, Germans maintained their siege with a single army, defending Soviet forces with less than 15 percent of their total strength on the German-Soviet front. -
Battle of Moscow
The Battle of Moscow started on October 2nd 1941, in which Germans code named it "Operation Typhoon". The capture of Moscow, which was Russia’s capital, was seen as vital to the success of Operation Barbarossa. Hitler believed that once the heart of Russia had been taken away, the nation as a whole would collapse. As a result to this battle, Germans lost about 155,000 men. The threat of Moscow ended on January 1942, and ended the battle on April 20th, 1942. -
Battle of Stalingrad
The Battle of Stalingrad was a major confrontation of World War II in which Germany and its allies fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad in Southern Russia. The battle took place from August 23, 1942 though February 2, 1943. In this battle, the German forces were defeated when they attempted to capture Stalingrad. It was considered one of the most deadliest battles of WWII as well as its turning point. -
Battle of Anzio
The Battle of Anzio took place from January 22 through June 5 of 1944. It was fought just outside of Rome and cost 25,000 Allied casualties and 30,000 Axis casualties. The Battle of Anzio was a battle of the Italian Campaign of World War II. It began with the Allied amphibious landing known as Operation Shingle. The operation was opposed by German forces in the area of Anzio and Nettuno. The battle ended with the capture of Rome and victory to the Allied side. -
D - Day
D-Day is the day on which a combat attack or operation is about to be initiated. The most well known D-Day happened during World War II, on June 6, 1944. Germany had invaded France and was trying to take over all of Europe. The Allied Forces attacked German forces on the coast of Normandy, France. With over 150,000 soldiers, the Allies attacked and gained a victory that became the turning point for World War II in Europe. This famous battle is sometimes called D-Day or the Invasion of Normandy. -
Battle of the Bulge
The Battle of the Bulge went on from December 16, 1944 through January 25, 1945. It was the last major German offensive campaign on the Western Front during World War II. The initial attack by the Germans created a bulge in the Allied front line. It became more commonly known as the Battle of the Bulge. The Germans lost many experienced troops and equipment that they could not launch another attack on Allied forces. -
Battle of Berlin
The Battle of Berlin was the last major battle in Europe during World War II. It lasted from April 16 through May 2 1945. The battle was fought between the German Army and the Soviet Army. The soviet army had over 2,500,000 soldiers, while the German army had around 1,000,000. On April 20th the Soviet Army began bombing Berlin and surrounded the city within days.By April 30, the Soviets approached the center of the city and the Germans were running out of bullets. On May 2nd Germans surrendered. -
VE day
Victory in Europe Day, or VE Day, was a public holiday celebrated on May 8th, 1945. It marked the formal acceptance by the Allies of World War II of the Nazi's surrender of its armed forces. VE day is celebrated in America and Britain. On this day, Hitler commited suicide and Nazi Germany called the end of World War II in Europe. V-E Day was practiced on May 8, 1945 in Great Britain, Western Europe, the United States and Australia, and a day later in the Soviet Union and New Zealand
