The Rome modules

Crassus dies

53 BCE

Clodius' death

52 BCE

Appian - Milo wanted consulship and was using chaos to get power. Only a good single ruler (P.) Could fix it. Dio- Murders daily . No elections. M. And Clo. fought on appian way. Clo. injured+milo had him later killed There were no elected consuls. Dio- this was a cause of war for the factions and pushed previously neutrual people to hate him

The battle of actium

31 BCE

This was the battle between Augustus and Mark Antony. Augustus was given imperium.
Virgil- presents battle as a bloody fight
Horace + plutarch do not show violence.
Horace does credit cleopatra with dying honourably.
The res gestae tells us Augusts was 19 at the time and given imperium
Cassius + Suetionius confirm victory happened. This made him extremely popular with the people, thus dangerous to the senate. His #imperium would be an important tool- had had since 43BC

Actium- Augustus Death

Period: 31 BCE to 14

The first settlement

27 BCE

Octavius did not want to give up power. He was a hero to the people and wanted him honoured and to have some power. The senate feared this- similar to Caesar. First he gave up the imperiums powers (Military+acting in provinces)-BUT CONSUL ALL TIME
The government was now formally returned to the people.
But he still held consulship and loyalty of the people+army- as well as military control.
titles:
Augustus- gave honour- Cicero
princeps- first citizen

Board of senators to supervise highways in Italy is made

27 BCE

The second settlement

23 BCE

Octavian tried to retire- senate did not want as he had the peoples trust and support.
He made it seem like he didn't want power- only accepted when pressured. Honours and festival days were dedicated to him.
Golden shield given with 4 virtues(Valour, clemency, justice,piety)
Civic crown He resigned from consulship- lost imperium
He was given Tribune power- this is start of reign + legal basec of it.
Cicero- he denied offers of dictatorship+yearly consulship

Augustus takes control of the grain supply

22 BCE

Augustus repairs the Via Flaminia and its bridges

20 BCE

This was done from his own money and was to maintain safe travel across italy

Morality Laws

18 BCE

This was a use of Tribune powers
tried to limit excessive luxury- failed
regulate sexual relations and divorce- had to divorce before actions for adultry. Failiure to divorce would result in punishment- being sent ot different islands and land confiscated Widley this failed- but he did have to banish his daughter and grandaughter- both Julia- Horace
His daughter was never forgiven- suetonius

Cult of Augustus accepted in the west- Augusts made Pontifex Maximus

12 BCE

The cult of augustus orginiated from the practice of worshipping leaders as gods to show loyalty He rebranded as honouring his ancestors since the family were so closely linked to Rome, and that was accepted. Roman citizens worshiped Deified Julius Caesar
He did build temples to other gods- ephasising links to the divine. HE was also made pontifex maximus- head of religon Suetomius credits him with restoring religion Agrippa also died

Gaius enters polticical life

6 BCE

Gaius/caligula is born

12

Tiberius' accession

14

Viellus Paterculus describes as seamless and appropriate

Germanicus dies- Gaius adopted by Tiberius

19

Drusus' death

23

Gaius moves to Capri to be with Tiberius

31

Agrippina the elder dies

33

Tiberius dies- Gaius Accession

37

Suet- T. Death was a relief. Son of Germanicus seen as good chance for change. Held no powers before being emperor, but senate voted for him. Claim was purely through blood - no experience. Dio- burned paperwork about mother's persecution and recalled exiles. Paid the guards. Re-introduced the games.

Drusilla dies. Gaius re-marries. Accounts published

38

.Gaius consul. See more in desc/

39

Gaius sole consul. British Campaign. Tax increase

40

Gaius assassinationo by praetorian guard. Claudius accession

41