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President Abraham Lincoln proposed the 13th amendment to abolish slavery which was part of his 10 percent plan to bring the southern states under unification. The amendment was ratified in 1865, but Lincoln was assassinated before he could see the amendment passed. Freed people everywhere celebrated the end of slavery, but was faced with opposition from states willing to enforce it. UTA US History Department Topic 6,The progressive Era
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Some questioned the validity of the civil rights act. There really weren’t any questions or confusion surrounding this amendment, However the democratic party used this excuse to continue to deny African Americans of their rights. The 14th amendment was later drafted to clear up the confusion basically stating that the civil rights act to precedence over the Supreme Court’s 1857 Dred Scott decision, which declared that blacks could never be citizens.
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Southern whites did not agree that citizenship should have been granted to African Americans and wanted to maintain White Supremacy in the south. Black codes pertained only to African Americans and tied freed slaves to the land through a series of loans which came from their employer whom were former slave and land owners.These laws indebted them to their employers, thus reestablishing slavery Linktext
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In 1867, 105,832 freedmen registered to vote in Virginia, and 93,145 voted in the election that began on October 22, 1867. Artist Alfred Rudolph Waud depicted "The First Vote" of African Americans in Virginia in the November 16, 1867, issue of Harper's Weekly magazine. Picture:http://edu.lva.virginia.gov/online_classroom/shaping_the_constitution/doc/voting
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There were 17 Black representatives in congress between 1870-1887 and in 1869, John Willis Menard of Louisiana became the first African American to address the U.S. House while it was in session. He was defending his seat against Hunt in a contested election arguing that Menard did not have a right to have a seat, He ultimately lost. After 1877, the republicans lost power thus giving way to a segregated society, ending Black Americans political careers
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The 14th amendment granted African Americans the right to vote. However, the 15th amendment was ratified to address an oversight in the wording of the fourteenth amendment which omitted wording stating the right to vote also included black men.The fifteenth Amendment was ratified in 1870 and officially extended voting rights to black men. African Americans voted for the first time in 1867 in Virginia.
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In 1895, Du Bois became the first African American to receive a Ph.D. in History from Harvard University. He was a northerner from Massachusetts and the author of "The Souls of Black Folks", a famous book where Du Bois accuses Washington of keeping black men in oppression.
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In September 1895, Washington became a national hero. He as the first black Invited to speak at the 1895 Cotton States and International Exposition in Atlanta, Washington publicly accepted disfranchisement and social segregation as long as whites would allow black economic progress, educational opportunity, and justice in the courts. He later become the first black to receive and invitation to the White House.
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America won the Spanish American war liberating Cuba. Mainly due to the help of over twenty-five hundred Black veteran soldiers. But not without great consideration, there was a debate on whether to join the fight or not in the black community. There thinking was why would they help a country that treated them so poorly. They felt as though they didn't owe this country anything. Some believed that it would be patriotic and beneficial to join the fight.
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After the civil war, African Americans became angered by the way their rights were denied even after the passing of several amendments. A group of prominent civil rights leaders, led by W. E. B. Du Bois, assembled in a hotel in Canada (the Niagara Movement) to discuss how they were going to address these issues. This Movement ultimately fell apart over women rights, leading to the development of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
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Between the end of the Civil War and the beginning of the Great Depression southern African Americans with their new-found freedom, began to migrate north to escape racism and for more job opportunities. In 1910 and ending in 1920 nearly two million African Americans fled the rural South and headed for the big cities, mainly New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, St. Louis, Detroit, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, and Indianapolis.
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As discussed before, thousands of African Americans migrated north in search for more job opportunities. Many found work in factories in Detroit and other large cities. Although after arriving in these cities, they were mostly placed in jobs that did not require much knowledge and earned very little pay. However, the ford assembly line offered more meaningful work and equality. The workers were treated equally, as he paid both white and black workers the same.
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The final ratification of the 19th amendment prohibited anyone from denying a person the right to vote based on their sex. It was a great victory for women both black and white.
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Thirteen African Americans return to congress after democratic rule which ended their participation at the end of reconstruction in 1877. Eleven of the thirteen were democrats bringing more democratic participation in American society and brought more African Americans into the Democratic Party. Their presence in Congress was outward show of triumph for the union whom pushed for change in the south.
