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Who: Spanish settlers
What: Nacogdoches became a permanent town in East Texas
When: 1790s
Where: Nacogdoches, East Texas
Why: Marked early civil settlement beyond missions.
There was a boom in ranching and horse breeding pg. 95 image: https://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMHKQ3_Nacogdoches_Visitors_Center_mural_Nacogdoches_TX -
Who: Spanish friars, Native peoples
What: Missions in Texas weakened as native populations declined
When: 1790s
Where: San Antonio East Texas
Why: Reflected Spain’s reduced control; opened path for secular settlements pg. 95-98 -
Who: U.S. France
What: U.S. acquired Louisiana Territory
When: 1803 (Event)
Where: Borderlands of Louisiana–Texas
Why: Sparked disputes over Texas boundaries with Spain. Napoleon Bonaparte forced Spain to cede Louisiana as part of his plan to resurrect a French empire in North America. When his plan failed, he sold the territory to the United States. pg. 101-102 -
Who: Spain U.S.
What: Created a kind of buffer zone to avoid conflict over Louisiana and Texas border.
When: 1806
Where: Between Sabine Arroyo Hondo rivers
Why: Highlighted weak Spanish control and lawless area developed pg. 108 image: https://www.stateoftheunionhistory.com/2016/05/1806-thomas-jefferson-neutral-strip.html -
Who: Miguel Hidalgo, parishioners
What: Called for Mexican independence from Spain
When: Sept 16, 1810
Where: Dolores, Guanajuato
Why: Sparked revolt; Texans became part of larger independence struggle. pg. 116-117 image: https://uniondelbarrio.org/main/4-2/struggle/the-struggle-of-barrio-youth/somos-magazine/somos-magazine-mexican-independence-day/ -
Who: José Bernardo Gutiérrez Augustus Magee
What: Filibuster army invaded Texas for independence cause
When: 1812–1813
Where: Nacogdoches, La Bahía, San Antonio
Why: Briefly set up “Republic of the North”; showed unrest in Texas pg.119-120 -
Who: Spanish officials settlers
What: Constitution briefly enacted; allowed local representation
When: 1812–1814
Where: San Antonio, Texas
Why: First taste of liberal government in Texas pg. 129 -
Who: Spanish royalist army vs. Republican Army of the North
What: Royalists crushed rebels, mass executions followed
When: Aug 18, 1813
Where: South of San Antonio
Why: Bloodiest battle in Texas history; independence effort failed. During this battle, 71 kills and 100 people were captive. pg. 122 image: https://epi-enclosures.com/texas-history-the-battle-of-la-medina/ -
Who: Spain U.S.
What: U.S. gained Florida; Spain recognized Sabine River as Texas boundary
When: 1819
Where: Washington, D.C. / Texas border
Why: Fixed U.S.–Spanish boundary; confirmed Texas as Spanish pg. 128 image: https://www.stateoftheunionhistory.com/2017/04/for-many-adams-onis-treaty-is-mostly.html -
Who: Mexican leaders after independence
What: Established Mexico as federal republic
When: 1824
Where: Mexico City
Why: Gave Texas union with Coahuila as one state; set stage for future tensions pg.145 image: https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-mexican-federal-constitution-of-1824.html