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It started when Linda Brown was denied admission to Topeka's all-white elementary schools. The NAACP helped Oliver Brown get to the Supreme Court. They ruled in favor of Brown and stated that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional and violated the 14th amendment. This was a major deal because their verdict countered another case - Plessy v Ferguson - which was made segregation in school was okay. It would be a pedestal for desegregation in other areas like higher education and etc. -
It started when Rosa Parks boarded a bus and refused to give up her seat to a white man. This resulted in her getting arrested and fined. In order to show support for Rosa Parks, a boycott was organized and their leader was Martin Luther King Jr. Instead of riding the buses, they would either walk or carpooled. Eventually, the Supreme Court agreed that racially segregated seating on buses violated the 14th Amendment. The impact it had is the integration of the bus system in Montgomery. -
Nine African Americans were given the right to attend the Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. However, many tried to stop them including Orval Faubus, who ordered troops to stop them. They were also attacked by white mobs. Eisenhower didn't allow this and told Faubus to withdraw, and he did, however, he allowed mobs to attack them. Eventually, troops came and protected them. The impact it had is that this brought more public attention and was a step into the desegregation of schools. -
The Sit-In Movement was started by four African American students - Ezell Blair Jr., Franklin McCain, Joseph McNeil, and David Richmond. They would walk up to a whites-only lunch counter and asked to be served. They were refused, however, instead of leaving they patiently sat there and waited. They were faced with threats and intimidation, however, instead of fighting back they simply took the punishment. More students began to join the movement, and it showed that nonviolent action can be good. -
Freedom Riders was organized by James Farmer and he asked them to travel throughout the South to protest segregated bus terminals. Many of them were attacked by bombs and mobs of groups. When Kennedy heard this he had to do something. He suggested that they should stop doing it, but they didn't listen. The rides still occurred and violence still happened. As this continued to happen the ICC put in regulations that prohibited segregation in interstate transit terminals. -
James Meredith was an African American air force veteran that wanted to transfer to the University of Mississippi, however, was denied because of his race. The governor even rejected him which made Kennedy dispatch marshalls to escort him to the campus. They were attacked and Kennedy ordered the army to send troops which allowed Meredith - first African Americans - to attend the University of Mississippi. The impact it had was that it showed a step in the desegregation of southern universities. -
The march was suggested by A. Philip Randolph and King agreed to it. People showed up and marched until Lincoln Memorial. It was to advocate for equal rights for Black Americans. This was also where Martin Luther King Jr. gave his "I Have A Dream Speech". The impact it had was that people began realizing that Black Americans should be given equal rights. It also helped the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to be signed into law. This was a major point and change started to actually progress from here. -
Malcolm X was an African American that was a supporter of black nationalism and was part of Black Muslims. He also told Black Americans to defend themselves against violence by any means. He eventually broke apart from Black Muslims. Although he left them, what he said during his alliance with them influenced African Americans. He showed them to take pride in their culture and how they can change the world. It would impact the Civil Rights Movement by showing how people can express themselves. -
Whenever African Americans tried to vote, they were attacked by mobs of people. They wanted a new law that would protect their voting rights. This resulted in the Selma March which was from Selma to Montgomery. It was organized by SNCC activists and King. However, even though their peaceful efforts they were faced with attacks from mobs and Sheriff Clark's troops. The beating was televised and people were shocked. President Johnson was infuriated and went live on television to propose a new law. -
The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was then passed. It was a major point for the Civil Rights movement. The reason why is that this meant that the movement has achieved two of its major legislative goals. First, it was the desegregation of schools, and now there is a new law that would be implemented to protect African Americans' voting rights and from discrimination.
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Many African Americans were living in poverty because many had low-paying jobs or weren't employed at all. This meant they lived in poor neighborhoods which were more exposed to diseases and increased crime rate. This eventually led to riots. Changes weren't effective, and it continued. Then the Black Panthers was founded by Huey Newton, Bobby Seale, and Eldrige Cleaver. It was much based around Black nationalism, self-defense, and broke from the nonviolence ideologies of Martin Luther King Jr.