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Changes in Equality for African Americans from 1865 to 1929
From 1865 to 1929 there were many changes made in the United States for African Americans to have equality. Changes made for equality helped improve the lives of many, but still blacks continued to be discriminated against. -
13th Amendment
As part of the Reconstruction Era the 13th amendment was adopted on December 18, 1865. The 13th amendment abolished slavery and all other involuntary servitude unless it was a punishment for a crime an individual committed and congress would enforce appropriate punishments.
("The Constitution of the United States."National Archives and Records Administration. https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/constitution.)
(Figure1-www.modstate.com/875) -
14th Amendment
The 14th amendment was also a part of the Reconstruction Era and made all people born in the United States of America citizens. This meant even slaves could now have the same rights and responsibilities of white citizens. The 14th amendment was passed by congress in 1866 and ratified on July 9, 1868.
(National Archives Website, The Constitution: Amendment 11-27, p. 2/10 accessed 5/23/2017.)
(Figure 2- https://www.pinterest.com/pin/338121884505449670/.) -
15th Amendment
The last amendment pertaining to blacks during the Reconstruction Era was the 15th amendment which was passed in February of 1869 and ratified February 3, 1870. The 15th amendment gave all United States citizens the right to vote. This was significant for African Americans who had never had a say in politics.
(National Archives Website, The Constitution: Amendment 11-27, p.3-4/10. Accessed 5/23/2017.)
(Figure 3-https://www.haikudeck.com/15th-amendment-education-presentation-699TFDS2xR.) -
Booker T. Washington Delivers Atlantic Compromise Speech
Booker T. Washington spoke in Atlanta, Georgia at a Cotton States and International Exposition. He made a verbal agreement with those in attendance that blacks would submit to social segregation and in return would gain education privileges and economic stability.
(Wormser, Richard. "Jim Crow Stories-Booker T. Washington." PBS. Accessed June 12, 2017. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/stories_people_booker.html.)
(Figure 4- https://farm7.staticflickr.com/6027/5965442441-89406a3afo.jpg.) -
NAACP Founded
The NAACP is a civil rights organization directed by W.E.B. DuBois. The NAACP was organized to help African Americans have equal rights, better education, and overall advancement for black citizens.
(Corbett, U.S. History, Chapter 21, Leading the Way: The Progressive Movement, 1890-1920, p.621.)
(Figure 5- https://image.pbs.org/poster_images/alfresco/u/pr/libraryofcongress/TheNAACPACenturyinthefightforfreedom_50ALA98C-ee53-48d9-95ce-d8ab646e9f1f/NAACP-celebrate-20-large.png.resize.710x399.png.) -
Segregation in the U.S. Government
In April 1913, the Wilson administration started segregation of working places, bathrooms, and break rooms at a federal level due to a conversation with Postmaster General Albert S. Burleson who believed blacks and whites should not work so close together.
(Wilson tp H.A. Bridgeman. Sept 8, 1913, quoted in Ray Stannerd Baker, Woodrow Wilson, Life and Letters, 8 Vols(Garden City, N.Y., 1927-39), IV, 223.)
(Figure 6- https://www.2.maxwell.syr.edu/plegal/history/depietrowq3-files/image005.jpg.) -
The Great Migration
In 1915 African Americans headed north to escape racism and bad economic conditions. They moved from rural areas in the south to northern cities for better living conditions, better jobs, and better pay. Roughly 6 million blacks migrated during the time period from 1910 to 1970.
(History.com Staff. "Great Migration." History.com.2010.Acessed June 21, 2017. https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/great-migration.)
(Fig. 7- https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/the-great-migration--8.) -
Red Summer
Red summer happened in the summer and fall of 1919. Riots broke out between the whites and blacks due to many accusations from whites against Negros resulting in many beatings and deaths.
(Wormser, Richard. "Jim Crow Stories-Red Summer (1919)." PBS. Accessed June 20, 2017. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jim/stories_events_red.html.)
(Figure 8- http://i.ytimg.com/vi/ohi7s182daw/hqdefault.jpg.) -
Harlem Renaissance
The Harlem Renaissance was a period of new social life for African Americans and included music, dance, writing, plays, and art work.
(Boundless. “The Harlem Renaissance- Boundless Open Textbook.” Boundless. March 20, 2017. http://www.boundless.com/art-history/textbooks/boundless-art-hisroty-textbook/europe-and-america-from-1900-1950-ce-36/art-in-the-us-during-the-1920’s-and-1930’s-228/the-harlem-renaissance-809-108461.)
(Fig. 9- cdn.history.com/sites/2/2013/12/harlem-renaissance-hero-2-A.jpeg.)
