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The spinning wheel, or charkha, was used to spin cotton fibers into thread by hand. People would sit and turn the wheel while feeding cotton to create yarn. It was mainly used to make hand-spun cloth called khadi. In India, it became a symbol of independence, as people used it to make their own clothes instead of buying British-made textiles. It encouraged self-reliance, rural work, and helped preserve traditional crafts. -
Humans have been using primitive brooms for thousands of years to clean their living spaces. Early brooms were simple tools made from natural materials found in the environment, and they were used similarly to how we use brooms today—by sweeping dirt, dust, or debris off floors or outdoor spaces. The earliest brooms were simple bundles of twigs or reeds, tied together and used for sweeping. These were known as "besoms", and they didn't have handles at first—people had to stoop to use them. -
Before electric washers, people relied on hand-powered machines to clean clothes more efficiently than by hand-scrubbing in rivers or tubs.
Operated entirely by human power — through cranks, levers, or plungers. Ideal for use before widespread electrification, especially in rural areas. -
Brooms and hand brushes are basic cleaning tools used to sweep dirt, dust, and debris from floors and surfaces. They do not need electricity and are used in homes, schools, and workplaces. -
A manual crank washing machine is a non-electric device used to wash clothes by hand. It was commonly used before electric washers became popular. The machine typically has a drum or tub, a hand crank, and sometimes a wringer to squeeze out water. -
A hand-held vacuum cleaner with bellows is an early, manual type of vacuum cleaner used before electric models existed. It worked by using air pressure created by squeezing and releasing bellows to suck up dust and dirt. -
Before electric irons, people used irons heated by fire or hot coals to press clothes. These irons were made of heavy metal and had a hollow space inside to hold hot charcoal or were simply heated directly on a fire or stove. -
An electric iron is a device used to press clothes and remove wrinkles using heat. It has a flat metal base that heats up when plugged in, and some models also produce steam for better results. People use it to keep clothes looking smooth, neat, and professional. -
An electric vacuum cleaner is a powered device used to clean floors, carpets, and furniture by sucking up dust and dirt through a motorized fan. It comes with various attachments to reach different surfaces and tight spaces. The machine makes cleaning faster and more efficient compared to manual methods. Many modern models include features like HEPA filters to improve air quality by trapping tiny particles. -
An electric washing machine is a household appliance that cleans clothes automatically using water, detergent, and electric power. It has different settings for washing, rinsing, and spinning to remove dirt and water efficiently. It saves time and effort compared to manual washing. Modern machines often include features like temperature control and timers for convenience.