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When California became a state in 1850, the waves of prospectors rushing to the gold fields included those seeking opportunity and a criminal element as well.
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By 1900, almost every U.S. city, regardless of size, established a full-time police force.
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The NAACP helped organizes events no violent sit-ins for the colored. They also helped enforce the desegragation in schools
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To create a more efficient federal judiciary, Congress votes to abolish the US circuit courts and transfer their jurisdiction to district courts.
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James Clark McReynolds is appointed as the 66th Supreme Court Justice by President Woodrow Wilson.
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Louis Brandeis is appointed at the 67th Supreme Court Justice by President Woodrow Wilson.
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The 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution is passed, granting women the right to vote.
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William Howard Taft appointed as the 10th Cheif Supreme Court Justice by Warren G. Harding.
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George Sutherland is appointed as the 70th Supreme Court Justice by President Warren G. Harding.
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Pierce Butler is appointed as the 71st Supreme Court Justice by President Warren G. Harding
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Edward Terry Sanford is appointed as the 72nd Supreme Court Justice by President Warren G. Harding.
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The first execution by gas chamber was carried out in Carson City Nevada.
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Harlan F. Stone is appointed as the 73rd Supreme Court Justice by President Calvin Coolidge.
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The Supreme Court justices recommend the Judges' Bill to Congress for approval. Congress agrees to give the Court greater authority in determining which cases it will hear by eliminating direct appeals from district courts except in cases involving constitutional principles. Calvin Coolidge signed the act.
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Owen Joesphus Roberts is appointed as the 74th Supreme Court Justice by President Herbert Hoover.
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Charles Even Hughes is appointed as the 11th Cheif Supreme Court Justice, appointed by Herbert Hoover
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Benjamin N. Cardozo is appointed as the 75th Supreme Court Justice by President Herbert Hoover.
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Last public execution is carried out in Kentucky, with 20,000 in attendance, and a large media coverage.
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The Justice Department reorganizes itself into three different courts, adminstratice, appellates, and trail
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Hugo Black is appointed as the 76th Supreme Court Justice by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
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Stanley Forman Reed is appointed as the 77th Supreme Court Justice by President Franklin D. Roosevelt
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The Civil Rights Division is created, first called the Civil Liberites Section, created to handle injustices in relation to Civil Rights, and discriminatory crimes.
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William O. Douglas is appointed as the 79th Supreme Court Justice by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
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Felix Frankfurter is appointed as the 78th Supreme Court Justice by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
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Frank Murphy is appointed as the 80th Supreme Court Justice by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
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James F. Bryrnes is appointed as the 81st Supreme Court Justice by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
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Robert H. Jackson appointed as the 82nd Supreme Court Justice by President Franklin D. Roosevelt
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Harlan F. Stone is appointed as the 12th Cheif Justice of the Supreme Court by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
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The War Fraud Unit is created, to stop all fraud against the government during times of war.
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On February 19, 1942 (shortly after the U.S. entered World War II) President F.D. Roosevelt issued an executive order designating much of the west coast a "military area", and requiring relocation of most Japanese-Americans from certain west coast states.
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Beatrice Rosenburg becomes the first female attorney in the Criminal Justice Department, in the court of appllettes
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Wiley Blount Ruthledge appointed as the 83rd Supreme Court Justice by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
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Harold Hitz Burton is appointed as 84th Supreme Court Justice by President Harry S. Truman
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Fred M. Vinson is appointed as the 13 Cheif Justice of the Supreme Court, by President Harry S. Truman
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Tom C. Clark is appointed as the 86th Supreme Court Justice by President Harry S. Truman
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Sherman Minton is appointed as the 87th Supreme Court Justice by President Harry S. Truman.
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Earl Waren appointed as the 14th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by President Dwight D. Eisenhower.
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The U.S. Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas ended legal racial segregation in public schools.
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John Marshall Harlan II appointed as the 89th Supreme Court Justice by President Dwight D. Eisenhower.
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African-American woman Rosa Parks's arrest after her refusal to move to the back of a bus triggers a citywide boycott of the bus system.
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William J. Brennan appointed as the 90th Supreme Court Justice by President Dwight D. Eisenhower.
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Charles Even Whittaker appointed as the 91st Supreme Court Justice by President Dwight D. Eisenhower.
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After much pressure to end the death penalty after England and Canada ended their death penalty.
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Potter Stewart is appointed as the 92nd Supreme Court Justice by President Dwight D. Eisenhower.
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States that states cannot nullify decisions of Federal Courts
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An illegally obtained material cannot be used in a criminal trial
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After pressure from both sides of the death penalty, Delaware was pressured to restore the death penalty.
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School initiated prayer (in public schools) violates the first amendment right of freedom of religion.
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Byron White is appointed as the 93rd Supreme Court Justice by President John F. Kennedy.
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Arthur Goldberg is appointed as the 94th Supreme Court Justice by President John F. Kennedy.
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States that defendants must be provided with representation without charge
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Passing Congress in 1963, the Equal Pay Act is a federal law requiring that employers pay all employees equally for equal work, regardless of whether the employees are male or female.
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After pressure from both side of the death penalty Oregon abolish capital punishment.
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The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination in a number of settings: voting, public accommodations, public facilities, public education, federally-assisted programs, and employment and establishes the federal Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC).
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Abe Fortas is appointed as the 95th Supreme Court Justice by President Lyndon B. Johnson
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New York, Iowa, West Virginia, and Vermont abolish the death penalty.
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The Voting Rights Act of 1965 prohibits the denial or restriction of the right to vote, and forbids discriminatory voting practices nationwide.
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States that Police must inform suspects of their rights before questionings.
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Thurgood Marshall is appointed as the 96th Supreme Court Justice by President Lyndon B. Johnson.
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In response to Chief Justice Earl Warren's recommendation, Congress establishes a Federal Judicial Center to help Supreme Court justices better manage their growing caseload. The Center will conduct judicial research and organize educational programs for judges and court personnel.
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States that stop and frisk do not violate the Constitution in some circumstances.
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Students rights are still valid in schools, and students have the rights to peacefully protest.
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An federal law designed to combat organized crime in the United States.
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Delaware Abolish Capital Punishment after England and Canada end the death penalty.
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The President is not above the law.
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John Paul Stevens is appointed as the 101st Supreme Court Justice by Gerald Ford
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Gregg v. Georgia (1976), the Court reaffirmed the death penalty as constitutional.
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After the Watergate Scandel the department of Justice created the section of Public Integrity to review the acts of politicans.
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The Office of Special Investigation is created to investigate and deport former Nazi after World War II in the United States
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Sandra Day O'Connor is appointed as the 102nd Supreme Court Justice by President Ronald Reagan.
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In an effort to further streamline the appeals process and to relieve growing pressure on the Supreme Court, Congress establishes a national court of appeals defined by its jurisdiction rather than by geography. This US Court of Appeals will screen appeal petitions and decide cases before they reach the Supreme Court.
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The Office for Asset Forfeiture is created to account for non-tax forfeitures.
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States that students have a reduced expectation of privacy in school.
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Antonin Scalia is appointed as the 103rd Supreme Court Justice by President Ronald Reagan.
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William Rehnquist is appointed as the 16th Cheif Justice of the Supreme Court appointed by President Ronald Reagan
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States Students do not have a 1st amendment right to make obscene speeches in school
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Later named the Child Exploitation and Obscenity Section is created to protect the welfare of children.
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Anthony Kennedy appointed as the 104th Supreme Court Justice by President Ronald Reagan.
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David Souter is appointed as the 105th Supreme Court Justice by President George H.W. Bush.
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Clarence Thomas is appointed as the 106th Supreme Court Justice by President George H.W. Bush.
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The Money Laundering Section is created to assist the Asset Recovery Section and help with the justice departments anti-money laundering enforcement efforts.
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Ruth Bader Ginsburg is appointed as the 107th Supreme Court Justice by President Bill Clinton
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Stephen Breyer is appointed as the 108th Supreme Court Justice by President Bill Clinton.
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First Female Appointed to Assistant Attorney General for the Criminal Division
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The Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section established to protected Americans against cyber crimes.
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The Capital Case Unit Created to create fairness and consistency among death penalty cases.
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Edward S.G. Dennis Jr. becomes 1st African American in Assistant Attorney General for the Criminal Division, appointed by President Ronald Regan
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States that students may not use school loudspeaker systems to offer student-led prayer, in public schools.
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a controversial anti-terrorism law that allows law enforcement agencies to employ court-approved wiretaps on suspected terrorists, share criminal investigative information with counterterrorism investigators andother government officials, and work with other government agencies with the aim of securing U.S. borders and attacking international money laundering.
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States that random drug tests of students involved in extracurricular activities do not violate the Fourth Amendment
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The Domestic Security Section is created to fight against terrorism, it was renamed the Counterterrorism Section and Counterespionage Section.
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States its cruel and unusual to punishment to execute a person on crimes they committed before turning 18.
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John Roberts is appointed as the 17th President of the Supreme Court by President George W. Bush
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Samuel Alito is appointed as the 110th Supreme Court Justice by President George W. Bush.
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The Gang Unit is Created to target gang-related crimes, and it is moved into the National Security Division.
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Sonia Sotomayor appointed as the 111th Supreme Court Justice by President Barack Obama.
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The Office of the Special Investigation merger is created from the merger between the Human Rights and Special Prosecution Section
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Elena Kagan is appointed as the 112th Supreme Court Justice by President Barack Obama.
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As of 2010, the Supreme Court holds that “juvenile offenders may not be sentenced to life in prison without parole… unless they are found guilty of homicide. It is said that the punishment violates the Eighth Amendment protection against cruel and unusual punishment. Also, “… that young offender must be treated differently from adults even for heinous crimes” (Barnes, 2010).
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Neil Gorsuch appointed as the 113th Supreme Court Justice by President Donald Trump.
