Scientific Revolution timeline

Roger was an English philosopher and scientist of the 1200's. He was a Franciscan monk who studied at Oxford and Paris. He was viewed as the leading scholar of his time. He favored scientific experimentation rather than magic and religious beliefs. He studied and practiced alchemy. He was a famous teacher of his time as well, people called him Doctor Mirabilis, which means wonderful teacher.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Andreas-Vesalius Andreas Vesalius was a physician who studied biology and medicine. He also wrote the first anatomy textbook. He attended the University of Paris where he learned to dissect animals and study medicine. He began to challenge the theories of Galen who first began to educate people on the matter. He started dissecting things on his own and he found that Galen's anatomy was not about dissection and not allowed by the church. He then wrote a book.

During the 1500s, Polish scientist, Nicolaus Copernicus began to challenge and abandon old theories such as the geocentric theory. He argued that the sun was the center of the Earth and he developed the heliocentric theory. His theory explained many of the well known facts about astronomy. He published his theory in 1543, people paid little attention and many denied his theory all together. Copernicus went beyond the naked eye to explain to people what we couldn't see.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Gilbert
William Gilbert was a pioneer researcher in magnetism and became one of the most distinguished scientists during the reign Queen Elizabeth. He published a book about magnetic properties and electrical attractions. He used new phrases such as electric attraction, electric force, and magnetic pole. Gilbert challenged scientists like Kepler and Galileo about rotation of the sun and Earth as well as magnetic fields and movement.

Copernicus was a very smart man but he never used instruments or math to prove his theory. However, Johannes Kepler did. He was a brilliant mathematician who used models, observations, and math to test Copernicus's theory. He found that some of the ideas Copernicus used were wrong. This slowed him down some but eventually found that the heliocentric theory was correct. He published his Laws of Planetary Motion in 1609.

Francis Bacon was an English philosopher and scientist. He believed that scientific theories could only be developed through observation. He also said that no assumption could be trusted unless proven by repeatable experiments. He published Novum Organum, a book about truths being demonstrated physically, rather than magic. He challenged the use of magic and religious teachings

https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Harvey
William Harvey was the first to discover full circulation of blood in the body and used experiments and arguments to prove this idea. He attended the King's school in Canterbury and at Gonville and Caius college. Harvey also studied arteries, veins, and the heart. Harvey, like Vesalius, challenged Galen and his theories about the human body.

Galileo Galilei invented one of the most used scientific instruments of all time: the telescope. He studied the stars as well as different planets. He was able to see what no other people could see. He saw different parts of the moon, the rings around Saturn, and the spots on the sun. He published his findings in 1632, which caused an uproar as many people still believed in Ptolemy's theory. The church believed it contradicted the bible. He also proved that falling objects fall at the same rate.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rene-Descartes Rene Descartes was a mathematician, scientist, and philosopher. He was a strong believer in observation and experimentation. He is called the father of modern philosophy. He was a leader of the scientific revolution and he wrote Discourse on Method that consisted of 4 rules. He coined the phrase, "I think, therefore I am." He also published another book about meditation and the soul. Much of his work challenged church teachings.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Evangelista-Torricelli
Torricelli was an Italian physicist and mathematician who invented the barometer and helped found integral calculus. He conducted an experiment where he put mercury in a tube and saw that it didn't flow out and above the tube was a vacuum. Therefore, he was the first person to create a sustained vacuum. He was professor of math at Florentine academy. He also challenged Galileo's findings and used experimentation to do it.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Boyle
Robert Boyle was a philosopher, writer, and preeminent figure of the 17th Century. He was best known in the chemistry field but also was involved in medicine, earth sciences, and natural history. He published a novel in 1660 in regards to air pressure and the vacuum. One finding, published in 1662, was called Boyle's Law and was about pressure and volume of gas. Boyle challenged other scientists to respect both god and science.

Antoni van Leeuwenhook used the microscope which was invented in the late 1500's. He used this instrument to discover bacteria. At the time, he called them animalcules and wrote about a wide variety of tiny life forms, never before seen by the human eye. Van Leeuwenhook challanged previous so called magic and previous teachings by discover bacteria and using the microscope which at the time, the church did not like the invention of new scientific instruments.

He changed the way we view the world. In 1687, he published a book building on the work of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo. Newton conducted many experiments and measurements. He found that the force that holds the planets in their orbits and the force that causes objects to fall to Earth are the same. He made the law of universal gravitation. He also explained the laws of motion and in one system, tied together the movement of all things in the heavens and Earth.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz
Gottfried Liebnitz was a philosopher, mathematician, and political adviser. He also founded integral calculus (which is a branch of calculus). He is considered to be among the creators of geology and developed analysis situs which is now known as general topology, a form of math. Liebnitz challenged the old theories of math and geology as he mad his own theories and made new branches of math.

Antoine Lavoisier was a French scientist that names the element Oxygen. He also showed that fire resulted when a substance rapidly combined with oxygen. Furthermore, he showed that steam mixes with the air which becomes invisible. He proved that matter can changed form but can't be destroyed. This is called the conservation of matter. Lavoisier challenged the previous belief that fire was an element. He proved that it wasn't and was able to use experimentation to show that it wasn't