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The Trans-Siberian Railway is often associated with the main transcontinental Russian line that connects hundreds of large and small cities of the European and Asian parts of Russia.
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Nicholas II, the last czar of Russia, ascended to the throne following the death of his father in 1894.
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The ruling political party in Republic of China. The name literally means the Chinese National People's Party, but is more often translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party.
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The split became irrevocable in 1912. In January, Lenin convened a party congress in Prague but invited only Bolshevik delegates.
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It grew out of rival imperial ambitions of the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over Manchuria and Korea.
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Unarmed demonstrators marching to present a petition to Tsar Nicholas II were fired upon by soldiers of the Imperial Guard, approaching the city center and the Winter Palace from several gathering points.
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Einstein thought that Newtonian mechanics was no longer enough to reconcile the laws of classical mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field. This led to the development of his special theory of relativity.
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Begins on this day in 1917, when riots and strikes over the scarcity of food erupt in Petrograd.
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Ruler of Russia since 1894, is forced to abdicate the throne by the Petrograd insurgents, and a provincial government is installed in his place.
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The main fighting was between two groups: the Red Army and the White Army. The Red Army was an army of communists. The White Army opposed the communists. Finally, the Red Army won this war. After this war, the communists established the Soviet Union.
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Was a seizure of state power instrumental in the larger Russian Revolution of 1917.
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After the revolution, Lenin headed the new Soviet government that formed in Russia. He became the leader of the USSR
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A peace treaty on March 3, 1918, between the new Bolshevik government of Russia and the Central Powers, which ended Russia's participation in World War I.
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Began in 1917 when China declared war against Germany. During World War I, China supported the Allies on the condition that control over Shandong Province, the birthplace of Confucius, would be returned to China if the Allies triumphed.
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The name given by historians to the federal republic and semipresidential representative democracy established in 1919 in Germany to replace the imperial form of government.
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The Nazi Party, was a political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945.
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The New Economic Policy was an economic policy of Soviet Russia proposed by Vladimir Lenin.
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Was a military conference called by President Warren G. Harding and held in Washington.
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Was a socialist state on the Eurasian continent, governed as a single-party state by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital.
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He was an Italian politician, journalist, and leader of the National Fascist Party.
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Sun Yat-sen developed strong interest in China’s political situation. He resented the domination of Chinese affairs by western powers—and also the unwillingness of the Qing rulers to adopt modern, Western ways.
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He banned all private businesses, eliminated opposition, and started an over twenty year’s long campaign of killing fellow countrymen by the millions.
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The Dawes Plan was an attempt following World War I for the Triple Entente to compromise and collect war reparations debt from Germany.
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He became the Commandant of the Kuomintang's Whampoa Military Academy and took Sun's place as leader.
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It was largely written during his eight-month imprisonment for his leadership in the failed coup.
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At the start of his reign, Japan was already one of the great powers the ninth-largest economy in the world after Italy, the third-largest naval power, and one of the four permanent members of the council of the League of Nations.
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Lindbergh emerged suddenly from virtual obscurity to instantaneous world fame as the result of his Orteig Prize-winning solo non-stop flight.
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he initial Five-Year Plans were created to serve in the rapid industrialization of the Soviet Union and thus placed a major focus on heavy industry.
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Was a 1928 international agreement in which signatory states promised not to use war to resolve conflicts.
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The most devastating stock market crash in the history of the United States, when taking into consideration the full extent and duration of its fallout.[2] The crash signaled the beginning of the 10-year Great Depression that affected all Western industrialized countries.
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As production levels fell, German workers were laid off. Along with this, banks failed throughout Germany.
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A series of domestic programs enacted in the United States between 1933 and 1938. They involved laws passed by Congress as well as presidential executive orders during the first term of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
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the Kwantung Army of the Empire of Japan invaded Manchuria immediately following the Mukden Incident.
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Was the mass murder or genocide of approximately six million Jews during World War II, a programme of systematic state-sponsored murder by Nazi Germany, led by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party, throughout the German Reich and German-occupied territories.
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The year 1932 had seen Hitler's meteoric rise to prominence in Germany, spurred largely by the German people's frustration with dismal economic conditions and the still-festering wounds inflicted by defeat in the Great War and the harsh peace terms of the Versailles treaty.
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Roosevelt spearheaded major legislation and issued a profusion of executive orders that instituted the New Deal
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It was an intergovernmental organisation founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War.
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Was a military retreat undertaken by the Red Army of the Communist Party of China.
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It was a campaign of political repression in the Soviet Union orchestrated by Joseph Stalin.
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Passed by the United States Congress in the 1930s, in response to the growing turmoil in Europe and Asia that eventually led to World War II.
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A border incident between Ethiopia and Italian Somaliland that December gave Benito Mussolini an excuse to intervene. Rejecting all arbitration offers, the Italians invaded Ethiopia
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As dictated by the Treaty of Versailles, Germany's military forces were reduced to insignificance and the Rhineland was to be demilitarized.
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Franco lead a revolt against the Popular Front. It started in the Canary Islands, where Franco was governor and spread to Morocco where he had made many contacts in the 17 years he was based there.
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An agreement formulated by Italy’s foreign minister Galeazzo Ciano informally linking the two fascist countries.
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The Japanese Kwantung Army turned a small incident into a full-scale war. Chinese forces were unable to effectively resist the Japanese.
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An episode of mass murder and mass rape committed by Japanese troops against Nanking
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Was the occupation and annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany in 1938.
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Leaders of Nazi Germany, Great Britain, France and Italy signed an agreement that allowed the Nazis to annex the Sudetenland, a region of Czechoslovakia that was home to many ethnic Germans.
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A settlement permitting Nazi Germany's annexation of portions of Czechoslovakia along the country's borders mainly inhabited by German speakers, for which a new territorial designation "Sudetenland" was coined.
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Was a pogrom against Jews throughout Nazi Germany and parts of Austria.
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The Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, which guaranteed that the two countries would not attack each other.
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1.5 million German troops invade Poland all along its 1,750-mile border with German-controlled territory.
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In 1934, he destroyed the League of Nations Disarmament Conference by demanding equality of arms with France and Britain.
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The Manhattan Project was a research and development project that produced the first atomic bombs during World War II. It was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom and Canada.
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Was a phase early in World War II that was marked by a lack of major military operations by the Western Allies.
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Was called to replace Neville Chamberlain as British prime minister following the latter's resignation after losing a confidence vote in the House of Commons.
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The operation became necessary when large numbers of British, French, and Belgian troops were cut off and surrounded by the German army during the Battle of France in World War II.
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This operation launched the invasion of German-occupied western Europe during World War II by Allied forces.
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The newly formed French State maintained nominal sovereignty over the whole of French territory
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The Battle of Britain was the first major campaign to be fought entirely by air forces,[14] and was also the largest and most sustained aerial bombing campaign to that date.
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A pact signed in Berlin, Germany on September 27, 1940, which established the Axis Powers of World War II.
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Was the principal means for providing U.S. military aid to foreign nations during World War II.
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The code name for Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II.
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After the invasion of the Soviet Union, in 1941 the Nazi government turned to the plan to exterminate European Jews.
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A pivotal policy statement that, early in World War II, defined the Allied goals for the post-war world. It was drafted by the leaders of Britain and the United States, and later agreed to by all the Allies.
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It was a network of concentration and extermination camps built and operated by the Third Reich in Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany during World War II
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A surprise military strike conducted by the Imperial Japanese Navy against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on the morning of December 7.
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Declared war on response to the country's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor.
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It was built to exterminate Jews of the Łódź Ghetto and the local Polish inhabitants of Reichsgau Wartheland (Warthegau).
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Almost two-thirds of the interns were NISEI, or Japanese Americans born in the United States.
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The forcible transfer by the Imperial Japanese Army of Filipino and American prisoners of war after the three-month Battle of Bataan in the Philippines during World War II.
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An air raid by the United States on the Japanese capital Tokyo and other places on Honshu island during World War II, the first air raid to strike the Japanese Home Islands.
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A major naval battle in the Pacific Theater of World War II between the Imperial Japanese Navy and naval and air forces from the United States and Australia.
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The Battle of Midway in the Pacific Theater of Operations was one of the most important naval battles of World War II.
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a battle of the Western Desert Campaign of the Second World War, fought on the northern coast of Egypt between Axis forces and Allied forces.
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The landing at Guadalcanal was unopposed but it took the Americans six months to defeat the Japanese.
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Was a major battle of World War II in which Nazi Germany and its allies fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad
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Was the British-American invasion of French North Africa during the North African Campaign of the Second World War.
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Was held to plan the Allied European strategy for the next phase of World War II.
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Was a major World War II campaign, in which the Allies took Sicily from the Axis Powers. It was a large scale amphibious and airborne operation, followed by six weeks of land combat.
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A strategy meeting held between Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill.
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A military strategy employed by the Allies in the Pacific War against Japan and the Axis powers during World War II.
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Suicide attacks by military aviators from the Empire of Japan against Allied naval vessels in the closing stages of the Pacific campaign of World War II, designed to destroy warships more effectively than was possible with conventional attacks.
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Launched the Philippines campaign of 1944–45 for the recapture and liberation of the entire Philippine Archipelago and to end almost three years of Japanese occupation.
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Was a major German offensive campaign launched through the densely forested Ardennes region of Wallonia in Belgium, France and Luxembourg on the Western Front toward the end of World War II in Europe.
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Was the World War II meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union, represented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Premier Joseph Stalin, respectively, for the purpose of discussing Europe's post-war reorganization.
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A major battle in which the United States Armed Forces fought for and captured the island of Iwo Jima from the Japanese Empire.
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Was fought on the Ryukyu Islands of Okinawa and was the largest amphibious assault in the Pacific War of World War II.
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The civil war re-started soon after the war against the Japanese was over.
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Was killed by Partisans with his mistress.
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It was signed by representatives of the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW) and the Allied Expeditionary Force together with the Soviet High Command, French representative signing as witness.
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A day to mark the formal acceptance by the Allies of World War II of Nazi Germany's unconditional surrender of its armed forces. Also marked the end of World War II in Europe.
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Participants were the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States. The three powers were represented by Communist Party General Secretary Joseph Stalin, Prime Ministers Winston Churchill,and, later, Clement Attlee,and President Harry S. Truman.
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A name chosen for the day on which Japan surrendered, in effect ending World War II, and subsequent anniversaries of that event.
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A uranium gun-type atomic bomb (Little Boy) was dropped on Hiroshima on August 6.
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Within the first two to four months of the bombings, the acute effects killed 60,000–80,000 in Nagasaki
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Committed suicide by gunshot on 30 April 1945 in his Führerbunker in Berlin. His wife Eva (née Braun) committed suicide with him by ingesting cyanide.
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It brought the hostilities of World War II to a close. By the end of July 1945, the Imperial Japanese Navy was incapable of conducting operations and an Allied invasion of Japan was imminent
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A series of military tribunals, held by the Allied forces after World War II, most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military, and economic leadership of Nazi Germany.
