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Assuming the Presidency at the depth of the Great Depression, Franklin D. Roosevelt helped the American people regain faith in themselves. He brought hope as he promised prompt, vigorous action, and asserted in his Inaugural Address, "the only thing we have to fear is fear itself."
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Italian politician, journalist, and leader of the National Fascist Party, ruling the country as Prime Minister from 1922 until his ousting in 1943. He ruled constitutionally until 1925, when he dropped all pretense of democracy and set up a legal dictatorship.
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Chiang Kai-shek was a Chinese military and political leader who led the Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party) for five decades and was head of state of the Chinese Nationalist government between 1928 and 1949.
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A network of railways connecting Moscow with the Russian Far East and the Sea of Japan.
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Under his rule, Russia was humiliatingly defeated in the Russo-Japanese War, which saw the almost total annihilation of the Russian Baltic Fleet at the Battle of Tsushima
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sometimes romanized as Guomindang by its Pinyin transliteration, is the ruling political party in Republic of China. The name literally means the Chinese National People's Party, but is more often translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party.
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The Bolsheviks were the majority faction in a crucial vote, hence their name. They ultimately became the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
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The fifty-seven delegates to the Second Congress of the minuscule, quarrelsome and apparently ineffectual Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party assembled in a flea-ridden flour warehouse in Brussels on July 30th, 1903. Georgi Plekhanov, the respected veteran Russian Marxist, was elected chairman,
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It grew out of rival imperial ambitions of the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over Manchuria and Korea.
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unarmed demonstrators marching to present a petition to Tsar Nicholas II were fired upon by soldiers of the Imperial Guard, approaching the city center and the Winter Palace from several gathering points
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The theory of relativity, or simply relativity in physics, usually encompasses two theories by Albert Einstein: special relativity and general relativity.
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On December 25, Sun Yat-sen, the spearhead behind the revolution, returned to China after sixteen years of exile to join the meetings. Four days later, he was elected the provisional president of the Republic of China.
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revolution focused around Petrograd In the chaos, members of the Imperial parliament or Duma assumed control of the country, forming the Russian Provisional Government. The army leadership felt they did not have the means to suppress the revolution
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During the February Revolution, Czar Nicholas II, ruler of Russia since 1894, is forced to abdicate the throne by the Petrograd insurgents, and a provincial government is installed in his place.
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revolutionary, politician and political theorist. He served as the leader of the Russian SFSR from 1917, and then concurrently as Premier of the Soviet Union from 1922, until his death
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The laws sanctioned the co-existence of private and public sectors, which were incorporated in the NEP, which on the other hand was a state oriented "mixed economy".
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the new Bolshevik government of Russia (the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic) and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey), which ended Russia's participation in World War I
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The main fighting was between two groups: the Red Army and the White Army. The Red Army was an army of communists. The White Army opposed the communists.
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to replace the imperial form of government. It is named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly took place. During this period, and well into the succeeding Nazi era, the official name of the state was German Reich (Deutsches Reich), which continued on from the pre-1918 Imperial period.
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An intergovernmental organisation founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War.
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protesting the Chinese government's weak response to the Treaty of Versailles, especially allowing Japan to receive territories in Shandong which had been surrendered by Germany after the Siege of Tsingtao
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Adolf Hitler was becoming highly effective at speaking in front of ever larger crowds. In February, Hitler spoke before a crowd of nearly six thousand in Munich
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Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik) abbreviated to USSR
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The Dawes Plan was an attempt following World War I for the Triple Entente to compromise and collect war reparations debt from Germany.
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The book, whose first volume was largely written during his eight-month imprisonment for his leadership in the failed coup, is a rambling discourse on Hitler’s ideology and goals for the future German state. The second volume was published in December 1926
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Although better known outside of Japan by his personal name Hirohito, in Japan he is now referred to primarily by his posthumous name Emperor Shōwa.
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civil war in China fought between forces loyal to the government of the Republic of China led by the Kuomintang (KMT) and forces of the Communist Party of China (CPC)
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As a result of this flight, Lindbergh was the first person in history to be in New York one day and Paris the next.
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a series of nation-wide centralized economic plans in the Soviet Union.
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Under Stalin, the Soviet Union was transformed from a peasant society into an industrial and military superpower. However, he ruled by terror, and millions of his own citizens died during his brutal reign
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Agreement in which signatory states promised not to use war to resolve "disputes or conflicts of whatever nature or of whatever origin they may be, which may arise among them
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The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II.
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the most devastating stock market crash in the history of the United States, when taking into consideration the full extent and duration of its fallout
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having been generally negative: they made no distinction between aggressor and victim,
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The Japanese established a puppet state, called Manchukuo, and their occupation lasted until the end of World War II.
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turn Germany into a one-party dictatorship and to organize the police power necessary to enforce Nazi policies.
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, President Paul von Hindenburg names Adolf Hitler, leader or fÜhrer of the National Socialist German Workers Party (or Nazi Party), as chancellor of Germany.
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A military retreat undertaken by the Red Army of the Communist Party of China to evade the pursuit of the Kuomintang
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The New Deal was a series of domestic programs enacted in the United States They involved laws passed by Congress as well as presidential executive orders during the first term of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
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It involved a large-scale purge of the Communist Party and government officials, repression of peasants and the Red Army leadership, and widespread police surveillance, suspicion of saboteurs, imprisonment, and arbitrary executions.
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The Treaty of Versailles was signed at the end of World War I on June 28, 1919 Hitler violated the Treaty of Versailles in numerous ways and at numerous times.
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The war was fought between the armed forces of the Kingdom of Italy (Regno d'Italia) and the armed forces of the Ethiopian Empire (also known at the time as Abyssinia). The war resulted in the military occupation of Ethiopia
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Nazi leader Adolf Hitler violates the Treaty of Versailles and the Locarno Pact by sending German military forces into the Rhineland, a demilitarized zone along the Rhine River in western Germany.
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the Republicans, who were loyal to the democratically elected Spanish Republic, and the Nationalists, a rebel group led by General Francisco Franco. The Nationalists prevailed, and Franco ruled Spain for the next 36 years, from 1939 until his death in 1975.
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An agreement formulated by Italy’s foreign minister Galeazzo Ciano informally linking the two fascist countries was reached.
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A military conflict fought primarily between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan from 1937 to 1941. China fought Japan with some economic help from Germany
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Japanese captured Nanking, which was then the Chinese capital. During this period, tens of thousands if not hundreds of thousands of Chinese civilians and disarmed combatants were murdered by soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army. Widespread rape and looting also occurred
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The occupation and annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany
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The Munich Agreement was a settlement permitting Nazi Germany's annexation of portions of Czechoslovakia along the country's borders mainly inhabited by German speakers, for which a new territorial designation "Sudetenland" was coined.
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northern and western border regions, known collectively as the Sudetenland, under terms outlined by the Munich Agreement. Nazi leader Adolf Hitler's pretext for this effort was the alleged privations suffered by the ethnic German population living in those regions. New and extensive Czechoslovak border fortifications were also located in the same area.
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Jews throughout Nazi Germany and parts of Austria on 9–10 November 1938, carried out by SA paramilitary forces and non-Jewish civilians. German authorities looked on without ntervening. The name Kristallnacht comes from the shards of broken glass that littered the streets after Jewish-owned stores, buildings, and synagogues had their windows smashed.
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Soviet Union met and signed the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, which guaranteed that the two countries would not attack each other.
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The German invasion began on 1 September 1939, one week after the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, while the Soviet invasion commenced on 17 September 1939 following the Molotov-Tōgō agreement which terminated the Russian and Japanese hostilities (Nomonhan incident) in the east on 16 September 1939.
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The Phoney War was a phase early in World War II that was marked by a lack of major military operations by the Western Allies
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simply relativity in physics, usually encompasses two theories by Albert Einstein: special relativity and general relativity
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network of concentration and extermination camps built and operated by the Third Reich in Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany during World War II.
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A battle in the Second World War between the Allies and Germany part of the Battle of France on the Western Front, the Battle of Dunkirk was the defence and evacuation of British and allied forces
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was France during the regime of Marshal Philippe Pétain, during World War II, from the German victory in the Battle of France (July 1940) to the Allied liberation in August 1944
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Air campaign waged by the German Air Force (Luftwaffe) against the United Kingdom.
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The origin of the "Final Solution," the Nazi plan to exterminate the Jewish people, remains uncertain. What is clear is that the genocide of the Jews was the culmination of a decade of Nazi policy, under the rule of Adolf Hitler.
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the code name for Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II
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A program under which the United States supplied Great Britain, the USSR, Republic of China, Free France, and other Allied nations with materiel
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The Charter stated the ideal goals of the war: no territorial aggrandizement; no territorial changes made against the wishes of the people; restoration of self-government to those deprived of it; reduction of trade restrictions; global cooperation to secure better economic and social conditions for all; freedom from fear and want; freedom of the seas; and abandonment of the use of force, as well as disarmament of aggressor nations.
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established the Axis Powers of World War II. The pact was signed by representatives of Nazi Germany (Adolf Hitler), Fascist Italy
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A meeting between U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, to agree war strategy.
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Surprise military strike conducted by the Imperial Japanese Navy against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
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The United States delcared war on japan after teh surprize Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.
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Chełmno extermination camp, known to the Germans as the Kulmhof concentration camp, was a Nazi German extermination camp.
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The Manhattan Project was a research and development project that produced the first atomic bombs during World War II.
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"War Relocation Camps" of over 110,000 people of Japanese heritage who lived on the Pacific coast of the United States.
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60,000–80,000 Filipino and American prisoners of war after the three-month Battle of Bataan in the Philippines during World War II. All told, approximately 2,500–10,000 Filipino and 100–650 American prisoners of war died before they could reach their destination at Camp O'Donnell
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Also known as the Tokyo Raid, on 18 April 1942, was an air raid by the United States on the Japanese capital Tokyo and other places on Honshu island during World War II, the first air raid to strike the Japanese Home Islands.
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ajor naval battle in the Pacific Theater of World War II between the Imperial Japanese Navy and naval and air forces from the United States and Australia
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six months after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor decisively defeated an attack by the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN), inflicting irreparable damage on the Japanese fleet
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There were two battles of El Alamein in World War II, both fought in 1942.The Battles occurred in North Africa in Egypt
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The Soviet Union had pressed the United States and United Kingdom to start operations in Europe and open a second front to reduce the pressure of German forces on the Soviet troops
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The Casablanca Conference was a meeting between U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill in the city of Casablanca, Morocco. The most notable developments at the Conference were the finalization of Allied strategic plans against the Axis powers
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A military strategy employed by the Allies in the Pacific War against Japan and the Axis powers during World War II. The idea was to bypass heavily fortified Japanese positions and instead concentrate the limited Allied resources on strategically important islands
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invasion of Axis-controlled Europe with landings on the island of Sicily, off mainland Italy. Encountering little resistance from the demoralized Sicilian troops
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Military campaign fought between 7 August 1942 and 9 February 1943 on and around the island of Guadalcanal in the Pacific theatre of World War II. It was the first major offensive by Allied forces against the Empire of Japan
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major battle of World War II in which Nazi Germany and its allies fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad (now Volgograd) in the southwestern Soviet Union.
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A strategy meeting held between Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill from 28 November to 1 December 1943. It was held in the Soviet Embassy in Tehran, Iran and was the first of the World War II conferences held between all of the "Big Three" Allied leaders
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suicide attacks by military aviators from the Empire of Japan against Allied naval vessels in the closing stages of the Pacific campaign of World War II, designed to destroy warships more effectively than was possible with conventional attacks.
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Operation Overlord[7] was the code name for the Battle of Normandy, the operation that launched the invasion of German-occupied western Europe during World War II
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US General Douglas MacArthur kept the promise he had made 2.5 years earlier to the people of the Philippines: he returned to the islands with an enormous invasion force and the largest assemblage of naval vessels in the history of mankind.
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major German offensive campaign launched through the densely forested Ardennes region of Wallonia in Belgium, France and Luxembourg on the Western Front toward the end of World War II in Europe. The surprise attack caught the Allied forces completely off guard and became the costliest battle
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heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union, represented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Premier Joseph Stalin, respectively, for the purpose of discussing Europe's post-war reorganization
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a major battle in which the United States Armed Forces fought for and captured the island of Iwo Jima from the Japanese Empire
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Was fought on the Ryukyu Islands of Okinawa and was the largest amphibious assault in the Pacific War of World War II. After a long campaign of island hopping, the Allies were approaching Japan and planned to use Okinawa to get to Japan, as a base for air operations on the planned invasion of Japanese mainland
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The devastation wrought at Hiroshima was not sufficient to convince the Japanese War Council to accept the Potsdam Conference's demand for unconditional surrender
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Italian Patriots executed Benito Mussolini Saturday, and Sunday a howling mob is kicking and spitting on his remains lying in the center of this city where Italian Fascism was born.
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suicide by gunshot
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There were three language versions of the surrender document. The English and Russian versions were the only authoritative ones.
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On 30 April, Adolf Hitler, the Nazi leader, committed suicide during the Battle of Berlin. Germany's surrender, therefore, was authorized by his successor, Reichspräsident Karl Dönitz.
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gathered to decide how to administer punishment to the defeated Nazi Germany,
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The name chosen for the day on which Japan surrendered, in effect ending World War II
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conducted by the United States during the final stages of World War II
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The surrender of the Empire of Japan on September 2, 1945, brought the hostilities of World War II to a close
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The Nuremberg Trials were a series of military tribunals, held by the Allied forces after World War II, most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military, and economic leadership of Nazi Germany
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Widely regarded as one of the greatest wartime leaders of the 20th century, Churchill was also an officer in the British Army, a historian, a writer, and an artist. He is the only British Prime Minister to have won the Nobel Prize in Literature, and was the first person to be made an honorary citizen of the United States.
