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"No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws (US Constitution)."
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"The ruling in this Supreme Court case upheld a Louisiana state law that allowed for "equal but separate accommodations for the white and colored races (documents.gov)."
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Goal: translate de jure desegregation into de facto desegregation
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Results: integration of Orleans Parish, the poorest district in New Orleans
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"We conclude that, in the field of public education, the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. Therefore, we hold that the plaintiffs and others similarly situated for whom the actions have been brought are, by reason of the segregation complained of, deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment (Brown v. Board)."
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Parks "refused to give up her bus seat to a white passenger (Academy of Achievment)."
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Escorted by US Federal Marshals
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Martin Luther King: "I Have a Dream" speech.
"But one hundred years later, we must face the tragic fact that the Negro is still not free. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination (MLK online)." -
Failure to achieve racial integration
