-
1748 First experiments. Georg Wilhelm Richmann
The russian G.W. Richmann presented papers on experiments with cold at the Imperial Academy of Science in Saint Petesbourg -
First artificial cooling. William Cullen
William Cullen gave the first documented demonstration of artificial refrigeration. In his demonstration, Cullen used a pump to create a small vacuum over a container of diethyl ether. When the deithyl ether began to boil, it absorbed the heat from the container's surroundings, causing it to cool. This was recorded in his only published chemistry-related paper, "Of the Cold produced by Evaporating Fluids, and of some other Means of producing Cold" -
Evans-Perkins-Hague. First refrigerator
In 1834 Perkins persuaded a man named John Hague to construct the machine he had patented, and the refrigerator was born. Created more as an experiment than something fit for commercialization, Perkins' product certainly had room for improvement. For instance, since Freon wouldn't be invented for another century or so, early refrigerators like Perkins' used potentially dangerous substances such as ether and ammonia to function. Still, his device did manage to produce a small quantity of ice. -
Alexander Twining. Ice production plants
One of his machines was constructed in Cleveland, Ohio, with freezing trials beginning in February, 1855, producing ice for the next two years. This plant was the earliest using the vapour-compression refrigerating system to manufacture ice in commercial quantities, using ether as the refrigerant. The Civil War interfered in his plans and let Ferdinand Carre (absorption) and James Harrison (vapor-compression) to lead the industrial race for refrigeration. -
Ferdinand Carre. Absorption refrigerator.
In 1850, Ferdinand's brother Edmond Carré developed the first absorption refrigerator, using water and sulphuric acid. Ferdinand continued Edmond's work on the process and in 1858 developed a machine which used water as the absorbent and ammonia as refrigerant. His absorption machine was patented in France in 1859. In 1862 he exhibited his ice-making machine, producing an output of 200 kilograms per hour. His design was based on the gas–vapour system of Australian inventor James Harrison -
First cold-storage plant
Thomas Sutcliffe Mort (1816-1878) of England and Australia, was an Australian industrialist responsible for improving refrigeration of meat. He erected the first cold-storage plant, in Darling Harbor, Sydney, Australia. With Eugène Nicolle he designed and built the Fresh Food and Ice Company Plant in Sydney -
Carl Von Linde. Refrigeration became science
In 1870 and 1871, Linde published articles in the Bavarian Industry and Trade Journal describing his research findings in the area of refrigeration. In 1879, he gave up his professorship and founded Linde AG, in Wiesbaden, Germany. The efficient new refrigeration technology offered big benefits to the breweries, and by 1890 Linde had sold 747 machines. In addition to the breweries, other uses for the new technology were found in slaughterhouses and cold storage facilities all over Europe -
David Boyle. R-744 (Ammonia) refrigeration plants.
David Boyle of Scotland and the United States invented and operated an ammonia compressor, U.S. Patent No. 128,448. He operated his first machine at Jefferson, Texas, in 1873 and made ice for one season; then be moved to Chicago. This was the first commercial compression plant in the world using ammonia to make ice. With the aid of R. T. Crane he built three ammonia compressors, one for the King Ranch in Texas, one for Austin, Texas, and one for the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition of 1876. -
Charles Tellier. Intercontinental meat trade
Charles Tellier used refrigerated ship Le Frigorifique to send meat from France to South America -
Air conditioning. First house
First air condiotioned house in U.S San Lorenzo CA by M.Dillenberg -
NYSE. First commercial conditioned building
The first genuine mechanical air-conditioning project were those designed by U.S engineer Alfred Wolff for the board room of the New York Stock Exchange. The system used ammonia absortion plants powered by the exhaust of the electical generators (cogeneration). The system lowered the temperature (<5º) and the humidity (from 85 to 55%). Distribution boxes provided air trough small openings in the ceiling. It remained in operation for 20 years
