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After Tammany Hall's inception in 1789, the NYC political organization began gainig popularity by helping much of the city's poor and immigrant population, including the Irish in the 1800s.
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The nativist Know-Nothing political movement reaches its height.
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The U.S. Civil War ends slavery, brings immigration to a standstill and serves as a training ground for Irish nationalists.
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Irish-Catholic Molly Maguires attack and intimidate mine owners in eastern Pennsylvania coalfields after horrible working conditions and low wages working in the coal mines.
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Ellis Island, a major stop for immigrants opened.
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The immigration restriction league is organized, and it proposes literacy test to restrict immigration.
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The Immigrants Protective League is founded by Hull-House progressives and is held in the Hull House, shown to the left.
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Congress enforces a literacy test for all immigrants- an adult must be able to read 40 words in any language.