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John Stuart Mill Born in London on May 20th, 1806. Son of James Mill, a Scottish intellectual and devout follower of Jeremy Bentham.
John Stuart Mill was an English child prodigy who grew up to make seminal contributions to philosophy, economics, logic and political science. As an activist, public figure and member of parliament, he immersed himself in the practical aspects of domestic policy and diplomacy. He was a tireless and early champion of representative government, secularism, women’s rights, decentralization, economic freedom and personal liberty.
Mill, John Stuart, and Oskar Piest. Utilitarianism. Indianapolis -
Karl Popper, Science and Pseudo-Science. The Evolution of Theory. The demarcation between science and pseudoscience is part of the larger task of determining which beliefs are epistemically warranted.
This entry clarifies the specific nature of pseudoscience in relation to other categories of non-scientific doctrines and practices, including science denial(ism) and resistance to the facts. The major proposed demarcation criteria for pseudo-science are discussed and some of their weaknesses are pointed out.
Sources/cited https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2017/entries/pseudo-science/. -
Charles Darwin the Voyager. Under that new evidence Darwin’s theory continues to flourish. It was born with many advantages over non-scientific explanations, which are only hypothesis impossible to prove.
As in a natural selection, ideas in science come and go, and, in the end, the ones that survive are those that are best adapted to reality. In 2017 a survey indicated that 38% of American adults believe that God created humans in their present form at some time within the last 10,000 years, marking an all-time low since public opinion studies started to regularly make that question.
Work cited: https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/science/leading-figures/darwin-the-evolution-of-a-theory/?utm_source= -
Stephen Toulmin On November 12, 1997, The John Adams Institute hosted an evening with Stephen Toulmin. Born in England, Stephen Toulmin studied Mathematics and Physics at Cambridge University where he obtained a doctorate in philosophy
His career encompasses an almost boundless range of activities. He has worked in the fields of linguistic philosophy, the philosophy of science and the history of science. He spent many years as the professor of philosophy at universities in Britain and USA and was also Avalon Foundation Professor in the Humanities. His published books include The Uses of Argument, Cosmopolis and Wittgenstein’s Vienna.
Sources/work cited: "Stephen Toulmin on The Importance of Dissent - The John Adams Institute"