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Meyer v. Nebraska
Meyer was convicted of teaching a language other than English which was against Nebraska law. The Supreme court ruled that states cannot prevent communities from having language classes outside of the school system. -
Farrington v. Tokushige
The Supreme Court ruled that Hawaii was violating the fifth amendment by prohibiting after school language programs. -
Brown v. Board of Education
A segregation case that stated that minority students as well as ELLs can't be fully separated others because they need to learn English. It states the students must be provided with "equal educational opportunities." -
ESEA- Elementary and Secondary Education Act
The ESEA (the first national education law) is a national education law that provides funding and policies and is designed to improve education for low-income families. It has been reauthorized 8 times. This law came into effect around the time of the Civil Rights Act and made it so that all students were given the right to a quality education regardless of race, color, religion, or national origin. -
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Title VII- Bilingual Education Act
The Bilingual Education Act was a bill that was eventually entered into the federal law of the ESEA. It provided grants to school districts to provide federal funding for bilingual education programs. -
Lau v. Nichols
In San Francisco, Chinese American students were placed into mainstream classroom and asked to "sink or swim." The Supreme Court ruled that students were not receiving a meaningful education. -
EEOA- Equal Educational Opportunities Act
A law that came into effect after the ruling of Lau v. Nichols. It requires that educational agencies must provide educational opportunities to all students regardless of race, color, sex, or national origin and must also take action to overcome language barriers. -
Castaneda v. Pickard
This court case ruled that the requirements of EEOA were not upheld but didn't support the plaintiff's demand for bilingual education. The case was also used to create the Castaneda standard. It mandates that ELL programs need to be based on educational theory, implemented with proper resources and staff, and be evaluated to determine their effectiveness. -
Plyler v. Doe
A court case that ruled that school districts in the state of Texas were violating the 14th amendment when they were denying foreign-born or immigrant students access to education. The court found that there was no reason to deny students the opportunity for education based on their immigration status. -
Gomez v. Illinois State Board of Education
In this case, the Castaneda standard was used to rule against inadequate programs. They ruled that districts cannot let students just sit and listen to instruction they cannot understand. -
Proposition 227
An initiative that was created and funded by an California millionare. He stated that bilingual programs violated immigrant children's right to learn English. -
Proposition 203
An initiative similar to California's Proposition 227, Arizona officials were claiming that with Proposition 203 doubled the number of ELLs gaining English proficiency. In 2010, it was found out that their English language proficiency test was invalid, and they were forcing students into mainstream classrooms too early. -
Flores v. Arizona
A court case that claimed that the state failed to provide enough funding for English language development. The court ruled that the state needed to increase funding for those programs. This case went back and forth for some time. -
Title III- Language Instruction for Limited English Proficient and Immigrant Students
Title III replaced Title VII when NCLB was put into place. It requires that ELLs are placed in a "language instruction education program." The programs must help the students attain English proficiency and teach academic content. -
Title I- Improving the Achievement of the Economically Disadvantaged
Title I, along with Title III, replaced Title VII. It states that all children should have the opportunity to have a high quality education. It mandates testing of all students including ELLs, regardless of how long they've been in the country and their level on English proficiency. -
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NCLB- No Child Left Behind
A reauthorization of the ESEA. No Child Left Behing replaced Title VII with Title III and Title I. It put an emphasis on accountability and testing. Meaning all students, including ELLs, will need to progress. -
Question 2
Question 2 was instituted in Massachusetts to require all public school children to learn English by being taught all subjects in English. -
RTTT- Race to the Top
Race to the Top was program from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act instituted by President Obama. It provided funds to states for "adopting internationally benchmarked standards" and using high-quality assessments for all students including ELLs. -
ESEA Flexibility- Elementary and Secondary Education Act Flexibility
The Obama administration instituted ESEA Flexibility in response to the majority of states not meeting the requirements of NCLB. In order to qualify states would need to revise their English language proficiency standards based on college and career-ready standards. States also needed to develop interventions focused on ELLs. -
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ESSA- Every Student Succeeds Act
ESSA is the most recent reauthorization of the ESEA. ESSA increases funding for the education of ELLs. It also delays the inclusions of ELLs in accountability systems.
