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Europeans began to sail south around the continent of Africa in an attempt to reach the wealth of silks and spices found in India and China.
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European made goods in exchange for slaves. Those slaves were then transported across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas to work on sugar, rice and cotton plantations.
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By the early 1800s, they were colonizing or taking over another country for the resources it can provide.
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The only country to remain uncolonized was Ethiopia
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By the events of World War II Africans began to seriously rebel against colonization.
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Although white people were a minority (smaller group) in South Africa, they controlled the government and businesses.
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The Kikuyu people fight for freedom from Great Britain.
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Italy invades in 190 and fails to do so
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which was a belief in the unity of all Black Africans worldwide.
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Apartheid is a policy of legal separation based on race. Under apartheid, black South Africans were forced to live and work where whites demanded.
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In the northern part of the country most people were Muslim Arabs. In the south most people were not Arab. In addition, many religions were practiced in the south with Christianity being the most common.
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Pan-Africanism inspired Jomo Kenyatta in Kenya and Nnamdi Azikiwe in Nigeria to agitate for freedom.
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Nigeria became independent after a fierce struggle against the British.
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The country was unable to create a stable, fair government.
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In 1962 after which violence broke out and the Hutu took control.
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Takes many years for Kenya to become Independent country
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Mandela was arrested because of him speaking out against black rights.
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He renamed the country Zaire and ruled uninterrupted for 32 years.
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They named their new country Biafra. The actions of the Igbo launched a civil war in which over one million people died before the Igbo agreed to remain part of Nigeria.
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F. W de Klerk was elected president and later partnered up with Nelson Mandela
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F.W Klerk announced the end of apratheid and released Nelson Mandela from prison.
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Mandela and de Klerk were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for their work in ending apartheid.
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South Africa held its first open elections in which Nelson Mandela was elected the new president.
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Between 800,000 to 1 million Tutsi people were murdered. Eventually the Tutsi came back into power and restored peace. Millions of Hutus escaped into the Democratic Republic of Congo where the Hutu and Tutsi continued to fight.
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In Tunisia began to agitate for a more democratic government. This movement became known as the Arab Spring.
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In Darfur, an area west of Sudan, water is scarce which led to black farmers fighting with Arab herders for control of what water exists. The Sudanese government back the herders and overlooked the terrible acts of violence the herders were using against the farmers.
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President Ben Ali resigned and a democratic government was elected. Similar victories occurred in Algeria and Morocco.
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In Libya, dictator Muammar Qaddafi refused to step down. Instead, war broke out. Other countries, including the United States supported the rebels fighting against Qaddafi.
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At the beginning of the Arab Spring Egypt was under the leadership of President Hosni Mubarak. Mubarak was a dictator who had controlled Egypt for 30 years. He was forced to resign
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Mubarak was replaced by an Islamic fundamentalist government led by Mohammed Morsi