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Franco - Prussian War
War between Prussia and France, Prussia wins + unifies Germany, France is humiliated -
Formation of the triple alliance
Germany - Italy - Austria-Hungary, military/economic cooperation Italy - expand into the Mediterranean
Germany - wanted to gain allies due to being a new country
Austria-Hungary - Protection against Russia/wanting to remain stable -
Kaiser Wilhelm II
-Leader of Germany, militaristic but not too intelligent
-Wanted to ally with Russia but then was ridiculed -
Formation of the Dual Alliance
Purely military-based, made due to F and R sharing G as a common enemy
Mutual defense against Germany or AH -
Period: to
Boer War
-Between Britain and Boers living in SA, public/international opinion turned against Britain
-Britain won -
Anglo - Japanese Alliance
-Established to uphold status-quo in China in response to the growing influence of Russia
-Discouraged France from joining the Russo-Japanese war (on Russia’s side) -
First Moroccan Crisis
1902: Instability, France starts taking action
1904: Entente Cordiale, Egypt goes to Britain, Morocco goes to France.
1904: France and Italy make a secret deal
Italy recognizes French sovereignty in Morocco
-France will not interfere if Italy invades Libya (Italy does in 1911)
1905: Kaiser parades in Morocco to show German involvement
1906: Germany humiliated in Algeciras conference, Italy exposed to be making side deals, France gets Morocco but some Germany economic involvement -
Entente Cordiale
-Between Britain and France -Britain got control in Egypt (after the Fashoda crisis) and France got control of Morocco -
Period: to
Russo-Japanese War
-Japan declared war on Russia over influence in Manchuria and Korea, Russia humiliated, Japan won (1905)
-Treaty of Portsmouth: Russia evacuated Manchuria -
First Russian Revolution
It lead to convincing Tsar Nicholas II to transform the Russian government from an autocracy to a constitutional monarchy/democratic monarchy. -
Bosnian Crisis
Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia -
Second Moroccan Crisis
-France occupied the Fez, making Germany lose out economically and violating the Algeciras Act of 1906 (occupied in 1911)
-Germany sends SMS Panther Gunboat to protect their interests
-Germany gets two strips of the French Congo -
First Balkan War
Balkan League (Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Montenegro) defeats the Ottomans in 1912 -
Second Balkan War
Second Balkan war: Bulgaria attacks, because dissatisfied with their share of land in WWI, and loses against its formal allies because they wanted more land... just loses land again -
Assassination of Franz Ferdianand
-Killed by Serbian nationalists
-Austria-Hungary gave Serbia an ultimatum, Russia came to Serbia’s aid, lines are drawn in the sand -
Period: to
World War 1
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1st Red Scare
In the US in 1917, the people were becoming more nad more scared of the growing Russian communist movement -
Second Russian Revolution (October but really in november)
- Second revolution in October (actually November) placed Bolsheviks in power, toppling the provisional government
-Took power in October Revolution, a bloodless coup
-Russian civil war (1917-22) between victorious Bolshevik forces (the red army) versus the internationally-supported white army
-Solidified Communist control of Russia -
Wilsons 14 Point Speech
14 step plan for world peace after the destructive WW1 -
Treaty of Brest - Litovsk
-Signed in 1918 between Bolsheviks and central powers
-Ended Russian participation in WW1 -
Period: to
Interwar Period
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Treaty of Versailles
One of the main marks that ended the first world war. Germany forced to reduce the size of its military, allow French soldiers to occupy the Rhineland, pay huge reparations, and lose territory -
Comintern
“The Communist International (Comintern), also known as the Third International, was an international organization founded in 1919 that advocated world communism, headed by the Soviet Union.” -
Creation of the League of Nations
-Meant to preserve the peace and resolve international disputes
-US, Germany, and USSR were not original members
-Wilson
-British/French colonial hypocrisy and failure to enforce the League of Nations gave the league less credibility -
Washington Naval Treaty
-Agreement that limited naval armament
- United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, France, and Italy Didn't work because not everyone was involved in it -
Ruhr Crisis
French and Belgian occupation of the Ruhr made German economy unstable, currency crisis in 1923 This Ruhr area was very rich in materials and other natural resources -
Dawes Plan
-A plan in 1924 that successfully resolved the issue of World War I reparations that Germany had to pay
-Foreign troops evacuated the Ruhr
-Triangle movement to repay each country -
Locarno Treaties
Locarno treaty - Simple treaty of Versailles
- Realized the treaty of Versailles was too rough
- Ruined Germany and stuff because countries were broke from reparations
- Locarno treaty softens all treaty of Versailles
- Fewer payments
- Invites Germany into the league of nations
- Softer version of the treaty of Versailles Overall:
- Treaty of Versailles - punish the losers
- Locarno - try not to start another war -
Kellogg-Briand Pact
- The pact between US and France renouncing war
- The positive reception from the public
- Made countries that signed it look weak
- This pact helped the economy for a little while
- Made people more willing to spend money because = safe
- Helps the economy and international trade Britain and France sign an agreement that says there can be war in their colonies to stop revolts
- Hypocrites -
London Naval Treaty
- The London Naval Treaty, officially the Treaty for the Limitation and Reduction of Naval Armament, was an agreement between the United Kingdom, Japan, France, Italy, and the United States that was signed on 22 April 1930
- Built off of the Washington Naval
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German Autarky
German policy to become completely self-sufficient economically -
Japanese Annexation of Manchuria
- Manchuria is invaded by Japan and becomes a puppet state. The League of Nations verbally condemns Japan, but Japan is not really punished. Japan just leaves the League of Nations in response
- Manchuria was rich in resources so that's why Japan wanted it
- The LON made the Lytton Commission Report to criticize the annexation of Manchuria
-
Period: to
Franklin Roosevelt Term
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Italian Invasion of Ethiopia
- Condemned by LON but that didn’t really matter, Italy left the LON
-
Remilitarization of the Rhineland
- Happened on Saturday because the government was closed on that day --> rode on bikes or whatever because poor from treaty of Versailles
- Openly violated the treaty of Versailles but this went unpunished
- Rhineland area had been a key industrial region of Germany, producing coal, steel, and iron resources. The Rhineland also formed a natural barrier to its neighbor and rival, France.
-
Period: to
Spanish Civil War
- Primo de Rivera in charge (military dictator) → leads to war
- Outcome of war (1936-39) is nationalist victory, Francisco Franco was now in charge
- “Guernica” portrays atrocities
- “Lincoln Brigade/Battalion” fought in this war
-
Period: to
Second Sino-Japanese War
- 1937-1945
- Real start of WW2
- Atrocities in Making
-
Anschluss - German Annexation/Union of Austria Land
Political Union of Germany and Austria -
Munich Agreement
The agreement that Hitler was able to annex the Sudetenland, Hitler promised in exchange to not invade anything else. Czech land was given to the Germans in exchange for Hitler's word to chill but 5 months later he took over the rest of the land
Appeasement -
Munich Pact
- “Munich Agreement, (September 30, 1938), settlement reached by Germany, Great Britain, France, and Italy that permitted German annexation of the Sudetenland, in western Czechoslovakia.”
- Czech was not talked to about this… and hitler was to give his word thar if he go this land that he would not invade the rest of the czech land
-
German Invasion of Czechoslavakia
This is when they took the rest of the land -
Italian invasion of Albania
Mussolini wanted to capitalize on Hitler’s advancements. -
Soviet Japanese Border War
Soviet victory in 1939 over the Japanese -
Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact
-Agreement that Germany and Russia would not attack one another
-Russia agreed to give Germany supplies
-Germany sent modern weapons to the Soviets --> Molotov Ribbentrop pact scared the US and made it seem like Stalin would enter in some sort of a deal with Hitler which made him less trustworthy to the west -
Period: to
World War 2
-
Period: to
World War 2
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German Invasion of Poland
“Germany invades Poland, initiating World War II in Europe. German forces broke through Polish defenses along the border and quickly advanced on Warsaw, the Polish capital.” -
Soviet Invasion of Poland
- “The Soviet invasion of Poland was a military operation by the Soviet Union without a formal declaration of war. On 17 September 1939, the Soviet Union invaded Poland from the east, sixteen days after Germany invaded Poland from the west.”
-
Winter War
- “The Winter War, First Soviet-Finnish War, was a war between the Soviet Union and Finland. The war began with a Soviet invasion of Finland, three months after the outbreak of World War II, and ended three and a half months later with the Moscow Peace Treaty on 13 March 1940.”
- “The Moscow Peace Treaty - was signed by Finland and the Soviet Union on 12 March 1940. It marked the end of the 105-day Winter War, upon which Finland ceded border areas to the Soviet Union.”
-
Operation Barbarossa
Germans invade the Soviet Union
--> Effects their relationship How does this change the alliances?
-The US was not in war but supporting Britain
-USSR could use US aid too Code name for the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany -
Atlantic Charter
-1941, joint statement from FDR and Churchill about future of the world after the war
-Britain basically implied they would give up the empire -
Lend-Lease Act
“The U.S Congress originally approved the Lend-Lease Act (H.R. 1776) in 1941, giving the president the authority to sell, lend, or lease military equipment to any nation deemed vital to national security.” ----> The United States was able to supply military aid to its foreign allies during World War II while still remaining officially neutral -
Neutrality Treaty between USSR and Japan
- Freed up aggression against each other and they would stop their attacks atm
- “Although traditional enemies, the nonaggression pact allowed both nations to free up large numbers of troops occupying disputed territory in Manchuria and Outer Mongolia to be used for more pressing purposes.”
-
Tehran Conference
- Soviet frustrated the Americans have not opened a second front in Germany to relieve pressure - British to open a new front in spring 1944
- Basically, talk about how to protect British oil in Iran that Germans wanted to help fuel their empire -The conference also talked about a partition (splitting up) of Germany
- Talk about post-war Poland Boarders -United Nations Organization was tentatively agreed to
- The soviet union agrees to help the US with Japan but not until Germany is defeated
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Roosevelt Died --> Truman took over
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Korea
- Allied control council
When the winners of WWII tried to share a trusteeship - A type of trusteeship where post-WWII allies try to share the trusteeship but it was difficult when one was trying to be communist and the others were not
1948 Korea is by itself
1949 Korea split into two parts which are like two different trusteeships cut by a line (northern and southern trusteeship)
1905 was the Russo Japanese war which gave Japan control of Korea - Allied control council
-
Period: to
Truman Term
-
Period: to
Eastern Bloc
Group of socualist states of Central and Eastern Europe, East Asia and Southeast Asia under the influence of the Soviet Union -
Period: to
Atomic Monopoly
-Soviets wary of the US using atomic bombs on them if they made too many countries communist
-US got German scientists to come to the US so that they couldn't help anyone else develop atomic weapons -
Yalta Conference - "Algebra"
FDR wore the pants for he was the dominant figure At Yalta, they don't really get along very well
--> FDR doesn't allow them to talk and avoids any topic they wont agree on They just make it seem good for the people
- Germany surrenders in May 1945 -----FDR dies and Truman takes over in April 1945----
Change in the policies they have and the way they deal with Germanry (Divide it into parts and split the capital Berlin into quarters) THis was a meeting with Stalin, Churchill and Roosevelt -
Allied Control Council
“The Allied Control Council or Allied Control Authority and also referred to as the Four Powers, was the governing body of the Allied Occupation Zones in Germany and Allied-occupied Austria after the end of World War II. Members were the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the United States and France.” -
Potsdam Conference - "Arithmetic"
- They were productive and started to make progress on the splitting up Germany
Potsdam --> When the agreements/plans were put into action -
DPRK
North Korea and comminist -
Creation of the UN
“The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945 after the Second World War by 51 countries committed to maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations and promoting social progress, better living standards and human rights.”
-----US, USSR, GB… etc------ -
Riga Axiom
Although the United States refused to recognise the Soviet, they still wanted to keep tabs on them with the Division of Russian Affairs through the State Department. Riga was the capital of Latvia and center for research on the Soviet Union. Perspectives and attitudes from the Riga majorly influenced policies created in the Division of Russian Affairs. Basically, the Riga axioms were American diplomats that talked to escaping russians and gave US a look on USSR -
Long Telegram
8000 words exposing Russian treatment of citizens... trying to get a response from the US Written by George Kennan -
Stalins Approach for making different parts of Europe Communist
West of Germany = Supporting local communist parties within the democracies inside of the capitalistic countries East of Germany = Just taking them with force and using their militaries. Soviets appear (“calm”) → this was because of the atomic monopoly and didn't want to get nuked by the US. Germany within itself = Play nice with the USA. Make communism attractive and force reparations to make communism more attractive. French push plan to split up german land → Soviets would lose wealth -
Iron Curtain Speech
-Winston Churchill
-Fulton, Missouri
-US and Britain should act as guardians of peace and stability against the Soviet Union -
Period: to
Indochinese War
Viet Minh and French colonial forces battle for control of Vietnam. → Viet Minh won -
Kennen Containment
Kennan focused on the countries that wouldn't be hostile towards the US such as Canada, Iceland, Greenland, Scandinavia, aetc. However, Kennen later mentioned that there were only a few countries that actually posed a threat on the United States. The 5 countries that threatened US security were the US themselves, Great Britain, Germany and Central Europe, the USSR, and Japan "communism needed to be contained and isolated, or else it would spread to neighboring countries" -
Bizonia
Bizonia was the combination of the American and the British occupation zones on 1 January 1947 during the occupation of Germany after World War II. -
Period: to
Cold War
-
Period: to
Western Bloc
Coalition of countries that allied with the US from 1947-91 -
Truman Doctrine
-US principle that they would give support to other countries in danger of a communist insurrection
-1947 speech to Congress regarding aid for Turkey and Greece Knew that Greece and Turkey would win... more to give energy to American people show them that their tax money is going to good use -
Cominform
-Supranational alliance of Marxist-Leninist communist parties in Europe to coordinate their activity. -Under the direction of the Soviet Union during the early Cold War -Became a de facto initiative in Soviet affairs from 1950 and dissolved during de-Stalinization in 1956 -
Marshall plan
-Plan of economic aid
-Sought to rehabilitate the economies of poverty stricken countries post WWII
- Also sought to keep communism out of Europe through Aid Truman Doctrine set this up well -
Berlin Blockade
- The Blockade was the Soviet Attempt for them to limit US, GB and France to travel in their sectors
-
ROK - Republic of Korea
Republic of Korea/South Korea and democratic -
Post-war setup in southeast Asia
They split southeast Asia and china gets north and former colonial powers get the south parts – due to a line 1949 the Chinese communist parties win and the US just give control to the Chinese communists
“OOPS” big mistake -
Period: to
Konrad Adenauer
“the first chancellor of West Germany from 1949 to 1963” -
Comecon
Soviet Aid plan that was given to other countries that were not supported through the Marshall plan… this would compensate countries so they dont turn to the US -
NATO formation
North Atlantic Treaty Organization → “From its founding, NATO's primary purpose was to unify and strengthen the Western Allies' military response to a possible invasion of western Europe by the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies.” -
Federal Republic of Germany
West Germany → 23 may, 1949, FRG → A parliamentary democracy with a social democratic economic system and free
churches and labor unions. -
Soviet Atomic Bomb
Made USSR a bigger threat and that now took away from the US who had their own strength having the atomic bomb -
SED - Socialist Unity Party
The eastern bloc of Germany was communist and used before the creation of the GDP -
German Democratic Republic
East Germany → “It was neither democratic, nor was it a republic. It was a dictatorship in which there were no free elections, no division of powers, and no freedom of movement. -
Sino Soviet Pact
“Shook up global geopolitics and the balance of power between the two Cold War camps. “The treaty's terms called for the Soviets to provide a $300 million credit to the PRC. It also mandated that the Soviet Union return to the Chinese the control of a major railroad
and the cities of Port Arthur and Dairen in Manchuria, all of which had been seized by Russian forces near the end of World War II. -
Period: to
Korean War
“The brutal war that raged 60 years ago killed more than two million Koreans, separated thousands of families, and created the world's most heavily fortified border. It also drew the alliances that exist today. The armistice agreement that ended the war is a truce, rather than a peace treat” -
Dien Bien Phu
Battle between Frence and Vientam → Vietnam win and that lead to downfall of the french in Indochina Ho Chi Minh --> Hồ Chí Minh led the Communist-led Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945, defeating the French Union in 1954 at the Battle of Điện Biên Phủ -
Geneva Confrence
The Geneva Conference of 1954 was an international meeting in Switzerland involving the Soviet Union, the United States, France, the United Kingdom, China and the Viet Minh. The powers involved attempted to negotiate a settlement to end the conflict in Indochina
and re-unify Vietnam.”
