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A meeting of European powers after Napoleon's defeat, aimed at restoring old boundaries and maintaining a balance of power in Europe. -
Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated by the Seventh Coalition (mainly Britain and Prussia), marking the end of the Napoleonic Wars. -
A brief period of liberal rule in Spain, with the return of the 1812 Constitution, ended by French intervention. -
Greece fought against Ottoman rule, gaining support from European powers. -
Ultra-royalist king whose reactionary policies led to the July Revolution of 1830. -
Greece became an independent kingdom under the protection of Britain, France, and Russia. -
"The Citizen King," came to power after the July Revolution; his rule ended with the 1848 revolution. -
Belgium broke away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and became an independent, neutral state -
A customs union among German states that promoted economic unity and laid the foundation for political unification. -
A wave of revolutions across Europe demanding liberal reforms, national unification, and democratic rights. -
Restored Bourbon monarch after Napoleon; ruled under a constitutional monarchy. -
Louis-Napoleon declared himself Emperor Napoleon III; his rule was marked by modernization and eventually war with Prussia. -
Established after the 1848 revolution, it ended the July Monarchy and gave rise to President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte. -
Key victories for France and Sardinia-Piedmont against Austria during the Second Italian War of Independence. -
Giuseppe Garibaldi’s military campaign helped unify southern Italy under the Kingdom of Sardinia. -
First king of a unified Italy, symbolizing the success of the Italian unification movement. -
Prussia and Austria defeated Denmark, gaining control of Schleswig and Holstein. -
Prussia defeated Austria, excluded it from German affairs, and led to the creation of the North German Confederation. -
Prussian victory led to the collapse of the French Empire and paved the way for German unification. -
German unification was completed; Wilhelm I became emperor of a unified Germany in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles.