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Period: 4000 BCE to 3000 BCE
Early Beginnings
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3900 BCE
Disease Caused By?
Evil Spirts -
3600 BCE
Treatments For Sick?
They would preform an exorcise, to force out evil spirts and have a trephining ceremony to surgically remove remove demons. -
3100 BCE
Medicines Used Today
Digitalis-plant used to treat heart conditions/slow heart
Quinine- tree used to control fever, relieve muscle spasms and prevent malaria
Belladonna and Atropine- poisonious nightshade plant that relives muscle spasms in GI symptoms
Morphine- opium poppy treating serve pain, addicting -
Period: 2999 BCE to 399
Ancient Times
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2900 BCE
Ancient Egyptians
-Health records: earliest ppl who kept health records, learned how to identify and treat certain diseases
-Physicians: priest acted as physicians, learned how to heal diseases
-Heal: splitting fractures and treating disorders by most common method attaching leaches to drain blood -
1900 BCE
Ancient Chinese
Development of acupuncture- early as Stone Age would first use (medical pioneers) learned to treat variety of diseases with stone tools -
900 BCE
Ancient Greeks
Illness nature vs. Spiritual } study diseases and found out they were natural versus spiritual, keep record on what might cause illness, searched for new ways to treat, research helped eliminate superstition and further developed use of massage and herbal therapies
Dissection } religious customs did not allow bodies to be dissected
Hippocrates} wrote the standard ethics of medicine-normally called the oath of Hippocrates -
100
Ancient Romans
sanitation systems} some diseases were caused by lack of sanitation- so brought clean water to cities by waterways(aqueducts)and separate sewers to carry waste
Organize medical care} sent medical equipment/physicians with armies for soldiers, also got payed
Hospital development} Physicians had room in house for ill, then building dedicated to the sick, payed by gov. Black mask with spice to protect them -
Period: 400 to 800
Dark age
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500
Stopped the study of medicine why
Roman Empire was conquered by Huns (medicine was only in convents bc they belived life was in gods hands and they would pray but not practice healing, and some herbal mixtures -
700
How do they treat diseases
Monks would pray and make herbal mixtures bc they believed life and dealt was in gods hands -
Period: 800 to 1400
Middle Age
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1100
Epidemics
Caused many to die, uncontrollable diseases smallpox, diphtheria, syphilis, and tuberculosis. -
Period: 1350 to
Renaissance
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1450
Rebirth
University-building/ medical schools for research
Dissection- acceptance for the body for study
Books- development of printing press and publishing of books, allowing greater access of knowledge form research -
Period: 1501 to
16th and 17th centuries
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1515
Leonardo da Vinci
Studied/recorded anatomy of the body -
1550
Gabriele Fallopius
Discovered the falllopian tubes of the female anatomy -
1563
Bartolommeo Eustachio
Discovered the tube leading from the ear to throat (Eustachian tube) -
William Harvey
Used his knowledge to understand physiology, able to then describe circulation of blood/pumping of the heart -
Antoine von Leeuwenhoek
Invented microscope, establishing that there was life smaller than the eye can see, found bacteria that causes tooth decay -
Apothecaries
Started in this time, engaged in a flourishing trade in drugs and spices from the east (pharmacy) -
Period: to
18th Century
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Benjamin Franklin
Discoveries- bifocals, found that colds could be passed from person to person -
Medical Students learning
attended lectures in classroom/laboratory, observed patients at bedside, when patient died they dissected the body and able to observe the diseases process, lead to better understanding of causes of illness -
Joseph Priestley
Discovered element of oxygen, plants refresh air that had lost its oxygen making it usable for respiration -
Edward Jenner
Discovered method of vaccination for smallpox, saved millions of lives, led to immunization and to preventive medicine in public health -
Rene Laennec
invented the stethoscope, made out of wood, increased the ability to hear the heart and lungs, allowing doctors to determine if disease was present -
Period: to
19th and 20th Centuries
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Ignaz Semmelweis
Identified cause of childbed fever, (dirty stuff gave diseases to woman after birth) -
Florence Nightingale
During Crimean War she took group of 38 women to care for soldiers dying from injuries, became ‘legend’ bc of her dedication to nursing (grew up in a family who opposed her interest in caring for the ill) -
Louis Pasteur
Known as ‘father of Microbiology’ (discovered that tiny microorganisms were everywhere) proved that these organisms caused diseases, before this they thought that microorganisms were created by disease. Found that heating milk prevented the growth of bacteria, (pasteurization) kills bacteria in milk, still use this method to treat milk today,
Created vaccine for rabies in 1885 -
Dmitri Ivanovski
Discovered that some diseases are caused by microorganisms that cannot be see with a microscope, they are called viruses theses viruses were not studied until the electron microscope was invented. Some diseases caused by viruses Chicken pox, German measles, mumps, influenza, rabies and measles -
Joseph Lister
Learned about Pasteur’s discovery that microorganisms cause infection, to kill these he used carbolic acid on wounds to kill germs, became first doctor to use antiseptic during surgery, helped prevent infection in incison -
Ernst von Bergmann
Developed aspsis, knew from lister’s and pasteur’s research that germs caused infections in wounds, developed method to keep an area germ-free before and during surgery, beginning of asepsis -
Robert Koch
Discovered many disease-causing organisms, developed the culture plate method to identify pathogens and also isolated the bacterium that causes tuberculosis, introduced the importance of cleanliness and sanitation in preventing the spread of diseases. -
Paul Ehrlich
Discovered effect of medicine on disease-causing microorganisms, brought abt the use to use chemicals to fight diseases, found treatment that worked on 606th experiment on treating syphilis -
Wilhelm Roentgen
Discovered x-rays in 185, took first pic using x-ray of wife’s hand, allowed doctors to see inside the body and help them discover the issue of patient -
Anesthesia
Surgery was preformed without anesthesia this caused ppl to die from shock/pain, early they used herbs hashish and alcohol to relive pain, 19-20th century nitrous oxide was discovered to put ppl to sleep painless and safe -
Sir Alexander Fleming
Found that penicillin killed life-threatening bacteria. Considered one of the most important discoveries of 19-20th centuries. Before this ppl died of illness we consider cure able today: pneumonia, gonorrhea, and blood poisoning -
Sigmund Freud
Discovered conscious and unconscious part of the mind. Determined that mind and body work together, led to understanding of psychosomatic illness (abused by emotional conflict) studies basis of psychology and psychiatry -
Gerhard Domagk
Discovered sulfonamide compounds, these were the first medications effective in killing bacteria, they changed the practice of medicine by killing deadly diseases -
Jonas Salk
Discovered dead polio virus would cause immunity to poliomyelitis, this virus paralyzed thousands of adults/children every year, seemed to attack the most active and athletic -
Albert Sabin
Similar to Jonas Salk, Albert used a live polio virus vaccine (more effective) used today to immunize babies against this dreaded disease -
Francis Crick and James Watson
Discovered molecular structure of DNA, based on its known helix, their model showed how DNA replicates and how hereditary info is coded on it. Set the stage for rapid advances in molecular biology that continues to this day, they won Nobel prize in medicine 1962 for this -
Christian Barnard
preformed the first successful heart transplant in 198 -
Ben Carson
Continues to be a pioneer in separating Siamese twins and preforming hemispherectomies, surgeries on the brain to stop seizures -
Period: to
21st Century
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Important Advancements in 21st Century
Using Telemedicine- using electronic communications to exchange medical information from one site to another for the health/education of the patient Ability to transplant organs from a donor to a recipient Ability to reattach severed body parts Advancement in caring for unborn fetus Use age of portable/handheld computers to aid in diagnosis, accurate record keeping and research