History Of Healthcare

  • Period: 4000 BCE to 3000 BCE

    Early Beginnings

  • 3900 BCE

    Disease Caused By?

    Evil Spirts
  • 3600 BCE

    Treatments For Sick?

    Treatments For Sick?
    They would preform an exorcise, to force out evil spirts and have a trephining ceremony to surgically remove remove demons.
  • 3100 BCE

    Medicines Used Today

    Medicines Used Today
    Digitalis-plant used to treat heart conditions/slow heart
    Quinine- tree used to control fever, relieve muscle spasms and prevent malaria
    Belladonna and Atropine- poisonious nightshade plant that relives muscle spasms in GI symptoms
    Morphine- opium poppy treating serve pain, addicting
  • Period: 2999 BCE to 399

    Ancient Times

  • 2900 BCE

    Ancient Egyptians

    Ancient Egyptians
    -Health records: earliest ppl who kept health records, learned how to identify and treat certain diseases
    -Physicians: priest acted as physicians, learned how to heal diseases
    -Heal: splitting fractures and treating disorders by most common method attaching leaches to drain blood
  • 1900 BCE

    Ancient Chinese

    Development of acupuncture- early as Stone Age would first use (medical pioneers) learned to treat variety of diseases with stone tools
  • 900 BCE

    Ancient Greeks

    Ancient Greeks
    Illness nature vs. Spiritual } study diseases and found out they were natural versus spiritual, keep record on what might cause illness, searched for new ways to treat, research helped eliminate superstition and further developed use of massage and herbal therapies
    Dissection } religious customs did not allow bodies to be dissected
    Hippocrates} wrote the standard ethics of medicine-normally called the oath of Hippocrates
  • 100

    Ancient Romans

    Ancient Romans
    sanitation systems} some diseases were caused by lack of sanitation- so brought clean water to cities by waterways(aqueducts)and separate sewers to carry waste
    Organize medical care} sent medical equipment/physicians with armies for soldiers, also got payed
    Hospital development} Physicians had room in house for ill, then building dedicated to the sick, payed by gov. Black mask with spice to protect them
  • Period: 400 to 800

    Dark age

  • 500

    Stopped the study of medicine why

    Roman Empire was conquered by Huns (medicine was only in convents bc they belived life was in gods hands and they would pray but not practice healing, and some herbal mixtures
  • 700

    How do they treat diseases

    How do they treat diseases
    Monks would pray and make herbal mixtures bc they believed life and dealt was in gods hands
  • Period: 800 to 1400

    Middle Age

  • 1100

    Epidemics

    Caused many to die, uncontrollable diseases smallpox, diphtheria, syphilis, and tuberculosis.
  • Period: 1350 to

    Renaissance

  • 1450

    Rebirth

    University-building/ medical schools for research
    Dissection- acceptance for the body for study
    Books- development of printing press and publishing of books, allowing greater access of knowledge form research
  • Period: 1501 to

    16th and 17th centuries

  • 1515

    Leonardo da Vinci

    Leonardo da Vinci
    Studied/recorded anatomy of the body
  • 1550

    Gabriele Fallopius

    Discovered the falllopian tubes of the female anatomy
  • 1563

    Bartolommeo Eustachio

    Discovered the tube leading from the ear to throat (Eustachian tube)
  • William Harvey

    William Harvey
    Used his knowledge to understand physiology, able to then describe circulation of blood/pumping of the heart
  • Antoine von Leeuwenhoek

    Antoine von Leeuwenhoek
    Invented microscope, establishing that there was life smaller than the eye can see, found bacteria that causes tooth decay
  • Apothecaries

    Started in this time, engaged in a flourishing trade in drugs and spices from the east (pharmacy)
  • Period: to

    18th Century

  • Benjamin Franklin

    Discoveries- bifocals, found that colds could be passed from person to person
  • Medical Students learning

    attended lectures in classroom/laboratory, observed patients at bedside, when patient died they dissected the body and able to observe the diseases process, lead to better understanding of causes of illness
  • Joseph Priestley

    Discovered element of oxygen, plants refresh air that had lost its oxygen making it usable for respiration
  • Edward Jenner

    Discovered method of vaccination for smallpox, saved millions of lives, led to immunization and to preventive medicine in public health
  • Rene Laennec

    Rene Laennec
    invented the stethoscope, made out of wood, increased the ability to hear the heart and lungs, allowing doctors to determine if disease was present
  • Period: to

    19th and 20th Centuries

  • Ignaz Semmelweis

    Identified cause of childbed fever, (dirty stuff gave diseases to woman after birth)
  • Florence Nightingale

    During Crimean War she took group of 38 women to care for soldiers dying from injuries, became ‘legend’ bc of her dedication to nursing (grew up in a family who opposed her interest in caring for the ill)
  • Louis Pasteur

    Known as ‘father of Microbiology’ (discovered that tiny microorganisms were everywhere) proved that these organisms caused diseases, before this they thought that microorganisms were created by disease. Found that heating milk prevented the growth of bacteria, (pasteurization) kills bacteria in milk, still use this method to treat milk today,
    Created vaccine for rabies in 1885
  • Dmitri Ivanovski

    Discovered that some diseases are caused by microorganisms that cannot be see with a microscope, they are called viruses theses viruses were not studied until the electron microscope was invented. Some diseases caused by viruses Chicken pox, German measles, mumps, influenza, rabies and measles
  • Joseph Lister

    Learned about Pasteur’s discovery that microorganisms cause infection, to kill these he used carbolic acid on wounds to kill germs, became first doctor to use antiseptic during surgery, helped prevent infection in incison
  • Ernst von Bergmann

    Developed aspsis, knew from lister’s and pasteur’s research that germs caused infections in wounds, developed method to keep an area germ-free before and during surgery, beginning of asepsis
  • Robert Koch

    Discovered many disease-causing organisms, developed the culture plate method to identify pathogens and also isolated the bacterium that causes tuberculosis, introduced the importance of cleanliness and sanitation in preventing the spread of diseases.
  • Paul Ehrlich

    Discovered effect of medicine on disease-causing microorganisms, brought abt the use to use chemicals to fight diseases, found treatment that worked on 606th experiment on treating syphilis
  • Wilhelm Roentgen

    Discovered x-rays in 185, took first pic using x-ray of wife’s hand, allowed doctors to see inside the body and help them discover the issue of patient
  • Anesthesia

    Surgery was preformed without anesthesia this caused ppl to die from shock/pain, early they used herbs hashish and alcohol to relive pain, 19-20th century nitrous oxide was discovered to put ppl to sleep painless and safe
  • Sir Alexander Fleming

    Found that penicillin killed life-threatening bacteria. Considered one of the most important discoveries of 19-20th centuries. Before this ppl died of illness we consider cure able today: pneumonia, gonorrhea, and blood poisoning
  • Sigmund Freud

    Discovered conscious and unconscious part of the mind. Determined that mind and body work together, led to understanding of psychosomatic illness (abused by emotional conflict) studies basis of psychology and psychiatry
  • Gerhard Domagk

    Discovered sulfonamide compounds, these were the first medications effective in killing bacteria, they changed the practice of medicine by killing deadly diseases
  • Jonas Salk

    Discovered dead polio virus would cause immunity to poliomyelitis, this virus paralyzed thousands of adults/children every year, seemed to attack the most active and athletic
  • Albert Sabin

    Similar to Jonas Salk, Albert used a live polio virus vaccine (more effective) used today to immunize babies against this dreaded disease
  • Francis Crick and James Watson

    Francis Crick and James Watson
    Discovered molecular structure of DNA, based on its known helix, their model showed how DNA replicates and how hereditary info is coded on it. Set the stage for rapid advances in molecular biology that continues to this day, they won Nobel prize in medicine 1962 for this
  • Christian Barnard

    preformed the first successful heart transplant in 198
  • Ben Carson

    Continues to be a pioneer in separating Siamese twins and preforming hemispherectomies, surgeries on the brain to stop seizures
  • Period: to

    21st Century

  • Important Advancements in 21st Century

    Using Telemedicine- using electronic communications to exchange medical information from one site to another for the health/education of the patient Ability to transplant organs from a donor to a recipient Ability to reattach severed body parts Advancement in caring for unborn fetus Use age of portable/handheld computers to aid in diagnosis, accurate record keeping and research