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the old English era started with the Anglo-Saxon invasions.
The Germanic tribes (Angles, the Saxos and the Jutes) invaded Britain when the Romans left the country unprotected. Also with the reintroduction of Christianity, Pope Gregory wanted to convert the invaders' tribes to Christianity starting with the Jutes. -
Pope Gregory sent a monk to England to convert the tribes that invade this country, in order to reestablish Christianity.
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he also declared the Celtic church heretical making it easier for Rome to extend his authority over all Christians.
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this kind of secular poetry started to appear between the 7th and 8th century, the riddles were the amusement of the time mainly for the aristocracy.
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The story of the English church and people is a chronology of English History from the time of the Romans until Bede's days.
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Caedmon and Cynewulf the two more representative authors of this poetry wrote the first poems of this gender, which had a heroic style but based on characters or subjects of the bibble.
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it is a poem about Wonderings and conquests, the exact date is unknown but it was written at the end of the 7th century and the beginning of the 8th
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it is one of the three heroic poetry surviving of this era, an epic and narrative poem that gives a picture of the culture and society of the Germanic people.
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this kind of poetry was considered pagan Germanic narrative because the main topic was self-pity and loss of happiness, the two representative poems of this kind of poetry are the wanderer and the seafarer, which are believed were written in the 8th century.
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in iceland, the Eddas started taking shape from earlier sources in Norway Britain and Burgundy.
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Also, he was the first who translated one of the seventh books of the old testimony into a West Saxon form of English.
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with his coronation norman dynasty was established in England
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Christian values and practices were already established, also the Norman conquest was the last of a series of migrations that put an end to a roman empire, also literature adjusted to the change, on the other hand, the heroic age was replaced by a feudal society.
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crusades were campaigns organized for the Christian church, in order to retake the holy land invade by the Mussulmans
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It gives a picture of the Anglo-Saxon invasions as seen through the eyes of the retreating Celts, and it is full of characters that were to become famous in English literature. It is here that the stories of Lear and Cymbeline appeared for the first time; we also find for the first time the full story of the exploits of King Arthur.
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The king Jhon issued the Great Charter, it establishes for the first time that everybody was subjected to the law even the king, it was a solution for the political crisis of the time.
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it was one of the most remarkable prose, in it the author's used proverbs, anecdotes, character sketches and realistic details of all kinds, to describe the different aspects of the daily life and also he added some interest to it.
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thanks to this fact variety of literature started to be written in English
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the translation of this book was named roman de Brut it mentioned the knights of the round table for the first time.
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he translated into English verse and this is how Arthurian legends appeared in English literature.
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Because English started to be used for everyone, it was a golden age for the English literature
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the author of this book is uncertain but is attributed to william Langland, Piers Plowman expresses the nonconformism with the Christian church, three versions of this poem exist and this was the first one.
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this was the first of many great books he wrote, it was written between 1380 and 1386, a poem of Tragic love in Ancient Times.
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Chaucer began the Canterbury tales, he could only write 24 until his death in 1.400
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A compilation of tales about king Arthur, Guinevere, Lancelot, Merlin, and the knights of the round table, written by Thomas Malory
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the exact date is unknown but according to different sources it was publushed at the end of the 14th century
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Renaissance means rebirth, the name is due to the re-discovery of the ancient Greece and Rome culture, literature, and Arts among others, this age allowed man to discover himself and the importance and beauty of life on the earth.
Writers of the Renaissance were freer and more critical in their writings, this idea of the human as the focus of interest was called humanism. -
he was a precursor of humanism in England, under the reigns of Henry VIII
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After he proposed to translate the holy scripts, the king turned down his proposal and he was sent to exile, but the translation of the book was well received for everyone.
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in his job as a Diplomatic he was sent to France and Rome, this allowed him to explore the humanistic ideas, he introduced into English poetry a new poetic pattern called the sonnet, which
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John Heywood one of the most important Tudor drama writers presented his play to the court for the first time and it was well received until the Elizabethan period.
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it was a period of religious tolerance, a period of a full monarchy, but at least some laws in favour of poor people where created.
lyrical poetry reached a climax, Queen Elizabeth made possible to explore new land, it was a good age for architecture, and music as well. -
the two more influence artist and writers of the age
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this book is the official translation approved for the church of the new testament.
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this play was written by Christopher Marlowe, this literary piece was written in black verse
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Edmund Spencer is the author of this poem, as a complement to the Queen Elizabeth
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After Shakespeare’s sonnets, Sidney’s Astrophel and Stella is considered the finest Elizabethan sonnet cycle, sr. Philip Sidney was the author of this sonnet.
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in the comedy, Twelfth Night reached a Perfect reconciliation of realism and romance.
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shakespeare explored the problem of action and the reflective mind
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during this period, the first colonies established in the new land, The unification of England and Scotland under one ruler was a big step to shape their existence to the present day.
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othello together with Macbeth and king lear, were the most important Shakespeare's tragedies of the era, he expressed his thinking about the interesting forms of evil.
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it becomes one of the most popular books of the edge.
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it has become the best known religious English poem in the English literature.
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the author of this book is Jhon Milton, it was published in London as a part of the collection.
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the Author Anne Bradstreet was the first woman poet to be recognized as an accomplished new poet, her book was a best seller 8 years after its publication in London.
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It is marked by the decadence of the Renaissance the literature of this age was characterized for the tales about the new land and the struggle of daily life. The main genres of writing included religious sermons, historical narrative, personal journals, and poetry.
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he was one of the most important poets of the restoration age, some of his most representative works are, the Indian Queen, The Hind and the Panther, Absalom and Achitophel.
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Monarchy was restored in England, King Charles II demanded that English poetry and drama should follow the style of French Writers; the interests in science began to grow. there was a social transformation with the beginning of gaiety and cheerfulness.
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It was the beginning of the scientific age, The Royal Society was supported not only by scientists but also by poets, such as Cowley, Dryden, Waller, and by the diarists Evelyn and Pepys.
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Aphra was imprisoned for debts and his job didn't reward her so he started to write to support herself, her first playThe Forc’d Marriage, was produced in 1670.
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Bunyan was the only English writer of prose fiction in this
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it makes an early protest against the inhumanity of the African slave trade
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King William III of Holland and the queen had to sign these documents to put an and to the struggle between the Stuart kings and the English people and Parliament. England became the first constitutional monarchy in Europa.
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his essay "Concerning Human Understanding", he argues that all knowledge is based on experience.
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this text is unique because he kept it away from public eyes, so what he wrote with complete candour and objectivity
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this era was characterized for reason and passion, it was an age of balance, It preserved
the Restoration love of rational simplification in life, thought and art. There was the same confidence in common sense, the same trust in empirical thinking rather than in the forms of a priori reasoning leading to some metaphysical truth. -
Marked by civil peace and prosperity, the age reached its highest literary expression in poetry, a polished and sophisticated verse generally addressed to a patron or to the emperor Augustus and dealing with themes of patriotism, love, and nature.
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it first its avowed intention was to present accounts of gallantry, pleasure, and entertainment, of poetry, and of foreign and domestic news but In time The Tatler began to investigate manners and society, establishing its principles of ideal behavior, its concepts of a perfect gentleman and gentlewoman, and its standards of good taste
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in his book "A treatise concerning the principle of human knowledge", he attacks locks idea about the nature of human perception.
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this was the first Pope's masterpieces, Pope uses classical epic devices to deal with a trivial subject. These devices are burlesque without vulgarity. In fact, Pope mocks the fashionable society of his time but at the same time reveals his passionate attachment to its elegance.
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he associated with Swift, Gay, Arbuthnot, and Congreve to created this club, whose object was to "ridicule all false tastes in learning”. Together they wrote the memoirs of a fictional German scholar, Martinus Scriblerus.
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it is generally seen as a contender for the first English novel, it is one of the most famous books of adventure,
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Gulliver’s Travels combines adventure with savage satire, mocking English customs and the politics of the day.
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Hume argues that passion rather than reason governs human behavior
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Clarissa is a masterpiece written by Samuel Richardson, it belongs to the romance gender and after its publication was a success.
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This novel By Henry Fielding described the life and journey of Tom a Young boy, through his adulthood and marriage.
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After nine years of hard work Samuel Johnson Published the first dictionary of English, the Oxford dictionary was not written until 190 years after its publication.
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it is composed of nine volumes.
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it has only three volumes, nowadays this encyclopedia still exist
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by the English historian Edward Gibbon. It traces Western civilization from the height of the Roman Empire to the fall of Byzantium as well as the Islamic and Mongolian conquests:
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Before his death, Samuel Jhonson wrote lives of the most eminent English Poets, a collection of biographies and evaluations of 17th- and 18th-century poets.
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after many contributions to the English Literature, Samuel Johnson died in London at the age of 75.
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She worked in London publisher James Johnson, later he would help her with the publication of some of her books.
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is a collection of illustrated lyrical poetry, William Blake create the illustrations himself.
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Mary Wollstonecraft is the author of the work "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman work" she argued that the educational system of her time deliberately trained women to be frivolous and incapable. She posited that an educational system that allowed girls the same advantages as boys would result in women who would be not only exceptional wives and mothers but also capable workers in many professions.
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written by Thomas Pine, he was a Political Activist who in this book attacks Christianity
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Pride And Prejudice was published as anonymous in 1813
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Lyrical Ballads is a collection of poems, Written by Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth,
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this Period was Inspired by the French Revolution, and the Industrial Revolution, author of this age gave a lot of importance to human feelings and emotions.
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it is an English Children book, written by Charles and Mary Lamb
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Grimm's FairyTales, Despite the title, the stories serve as a collection of traditional folktales that are often dark and not meant for children.
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it is probably one of his most-known Poems
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it is a Four-act lyrical drama, based on the torments of the Greek mythological figure Prometheus, who defies the gods and gives fire to humanity, for which he is subjected to eternal punishment and suffering at the hands of Zeus
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it is an autobiographical text.
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later, he published his book Rural Rides in 1830
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Noah Webster is the author
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In July 1833, a Bill to abolish slavery throughout the British Empire passed in the House of Commons, followed by the House of Lords on 1st August.
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On 20 June 1837, King William IV died at the age of 71, and 18 years old Victoria became Queen of the United Kingdom.
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happened under the reign of Queen Victoria, the literature of this age is a hybrid between romanticism and realistic style of writing. The reclaiming of the past was a major part of Victorian literature and was to be found in both classical literature and also the medieval literature of England. The Victorians loved the heroic, chivalrous stories of knights of old and they hoped to regain some of that noble, courtly behavior and impress it upon the people both at home and in the wider empire.
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Oliver Twist was very popular when it was first published, partially because of its scandalous subject matter. It depicted crime and murder without holding back—causing it, in Victorian London, to be classed as a “Newgate novel” (named after Newgate Prison in London).
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Published under the pseudonym ‘Derry down Derry, The limericks and illustrations (which Lear himself drew) were adapted from those Lear produced to amuse the children of Lord Stanley while he was staying with the family at Knowsley.
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The Author was from London he as a physician the dictionary was published under the name of Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases
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is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection.
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it becomes the basis of the most popular of all Victorian melodramas
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The tale plays with logic, giving the story lasting popularity with adults as well as with children. It is considered to be one of the best examples of the literary nonsense genre.
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the second story of Alice's adventures.
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a story about a Time Traveller whose first stop on his journey is the year 802701
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it was performed in London's St. James Theatre under the name of The Importance of Being Earnest
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his gothic tale of vampirism in Transylvania
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This Age main characteristic was the wondering of the future, people began to write fiction about the future, Modernist fiction spoke of the inner self and consciousness. Instead of progress, the Modernist writer saw a decline in civilization. Instead of new technology, the Modernist writer saw cold machinery and increased capitalism, which alienated the individual and led to loneliness.
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most of Conrad's tales and stories are inspired on his many years of traveling and sailing.
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after its performance in London, it was a total success; Audiences were drawn into the fantastical tale of the flying boy who never grew up and his adventures in Neverland with the Darling children
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Regarded by many as the greatest philosopher of the 20th century. Wittgenstein’s two major works, Logisch-philosophische Abhandlung (1921; Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, 1922) and Philosophische Untersuchungen (published posthumously in 1953; Philosophical Investigations), have inspired a vast secondary literature and have done much to shape subsequent developments in philosophy, especially within the analytic tradition.
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The novel recounts the return of the shell shocked Captain Chris Baldry from the trenches of the First World War from the perspective of his cousin Jenny. The novel grapples with the soldier's return from World War I with mental trauma and its effects on the family, and the light it sheds on their fraught relationships.
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it is the first to deal openly with a lesbian subject.
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this collection of poems was written in the youth of Alfred Lord, and published after his death.
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Four main trends define the evolution of post-war English Literature the intensive commercialization of the book market, the expansion of literary criticism and literary theory, brought about by the
departments of English of the universities, old and new, the popularisation of audio-visual narrative media, which is often said to
be a direct cause of the alleged decline of Literature, and the growth of English Literature written by women and by post-colonial
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After his graduation, he wrote his first novel the collector, it was adapted to a film two years after its publication.
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After leaving the army he dedicated his life to writing, he is known for three biographies: two-volume work Lytton Strachey A Critical Biography, Holroyd's two-volume Augustus John and his four-volume biography of Shaw.
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this Trip inspired his most recognized work The Raj Quartet, a series of novels.
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Economics without equilibrium
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In his book he explained basic concepts of physics and universe, it was taught for common readers without knowledge of scientific theories.
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his experience as a teacher in Colombia was important to determinate the style and setting of his first three novels.
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The Amber Spyglass was named Children's Book of the Year at the 2001 British Book Awards and was the first children's book to be longlisted for the Man Booker Prize.[2]
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literature that is writing right now, there is no official ideas of the characteristics of the literature of this age, only some concepts made of scholarships, it started after the end of the war, so many ideas for writing come from the concept or perception of this event.
