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500 BCE
Disclaimer
To better understand this timeline, it is recommended you view it in list mode/view. Here is the link to the raw research doc too, just in case it helps to better understand the timeline: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1qfPIf0vpV1hBRNLLwo3mTEd8YtVZ631LjOlw0nzXjV0/edit?usp=sharing -
460 BCE
Democritus
Democritus was born in 460 BCE, in Abdera, Thrace. He started everything when it comes to the atom because, well… HE DISCOVERED IT! Democritus was the first person to theorize that all matter is made of atoms. He also found out that the atom is indivisible because they are so small. Keep in mind, this is way before technology. As for how he found this info, it mostly just a hunch at the time, but it turned into much more in the future. -
459 BCE
Democritus cont.
Fun Facts: He was known as the “Laughing Philosopher” due to his hysteria when it came to human error..
It is believed that he was laser-focused on finding new knowledge, similar to a real-life Odin.
He had ideas of the atom taking different shapes dependent on the element that they are making up.
Nobel Prize -- ❌ -- it didn’t exist -
400 BCE
Elemental Model
Democritus’ model is the basis for everything to come in this timeline. Democritus came up with his model in ~400 BCE. Some of his ideas were as follow: The atom is the basic building block of matter, and that everything in the universe is made of atoms. He had some assistance from his teacher/mentor Leucippus. Sadly, it can’t be confirmed how he solved this given that records weren’t taken too much in his time, and any work he did have is either lost, or part of a fragment. -
Antoine Lavoisier
Antoine Lavoisier was born August 26th, 1743.He is most notably known as the “Father of Chemistry” due to his extensive habit of causing chemical reactions, and discovering a numerous amount of elements. He discovered the Law of Conservation of Mass, and combustion theory as well. This guy was a chemistry legend. Of course, depending on the element there is a change in atoms, and atoms also play a voluminous role in the Law of Conservation of Mass. -
Antoine Lavoisier cont.
Lavoisier had discovered his combustion theory in June 1783 by completing a decomposition reaction (a decomposition reaction breaks a compound down into two or more simple substances) with hydrogen (known by him as inflammable air) and oxygen. The Law of Conservation of Mass had been discovered when Lavoisier recognized that mass is conserved in a chemical reaction, however the amount of oxygen and hydrogen atoms stays the same through any given moment of the experiment. -
Antoine Lavoisier cont. 2
Fun Facts:
He was able to prove that matter’s shape may change, but not its mass. He was the first to do this.
His work ended up getting him arrested because he had been working with the government during the French revolution.
Lavoisier had been wrongly accused of treason, and had been executed via guillotine.
Nobel Prize -- ❌ -- it didn’t exist -
John Dalton
John Dalton had been born in Cumbria, Eaglesfield, United Kingdom on September 6th, 1766. Dalton is of course most known for the atomic model consisting of his very own name. Dalton had the first model of the atom, where Democritus had come up only with ideas. This, of course, made Dalton’s “Billiard Ball Model” widely accepted, it was the first major model to make the atom widespread. -
John Dalton cont.
Dalton had wrote his book, “A New System of Chemical Philosophy”, in which he describes executing many experiments in which the atom had continued to combine in rather simple ratios. What Dalton had gotten from realizing this fact was that molecules of a single element are made up of the same type of atoms. Dalton had been a huge inspiration to many aspiring scientists (using the term loosely), and he had also played a fundamental role in making the atom what it is today. -
John Dalton cont. 2
He started a class at age 12.
He wrote up the very first scientific paper on color-blindness
He was considered the “Father of Meteorology”
Nobel Prize-- ❌ -- it didn’t exist -
Billiard Ball Model
Although Democritus and Leucippus were the first with ideas of the atom, John Dalton is considered to be the man who had come up with the first model for the atom, known as the Billiard Ball model. -
Billiard Ball Model cont.
The Billiard Ball Model had five primary idiosyncrasies: All elements are made up of atoms
All atoms of a given element are identical to each other.
The atoms in different elements contrast each other in both size and mass.
Atoms are no exception to the Law of Conservation of Mass; they cannot be created or destroyed, only rearranged.
Atoms from one element may combine with others to create a compound. -
Billiard Ball Model cont. 2
The Law of Conservation of Mass states “matter cannot be created or destroyed. It can change forms but is conserved.” This supports his idea that atoms are indestructible and are rearranged during a chemical reaction. -
Billiard Ball Model cont. 3
Another law that supports Dalton’s model is the Law of Constant Composition. This law states “in any particular chemical compound, all samples of that compound will be made up of the same elements in the same proportion or ratio.” This further proves his idea that atoms are identical to each other and that different elements are made up of different atoms. -
J.J. Thomson
JJ Thomson was born on Dec 18, 1856 in Cheetham Hill, Manchester, United Kingdom. He is most well-known for his Plum-Pudding Model that he came up with in 1897. His model had consisted of electrons inside an outer shell of protons. Although his model is proven false, he did discover electrons by using a Crooke’s tube. He had used a magnet to manipulate cathode rays in the tube. I go a lot more in-depth with his experiment in the “Plum-Pudding Model” portion of the timeline. -
J.J. Thomson cont.
Fun Facts: He, like many other scientists, was knighted.
He wrote 13 books, with more than 200 pages.
He received the “Order of Merit”
Nobel Prize -- ✔ -
Max Planck
Max Planck had been born on April 23rd, 1858 in Kiel, Germany He was the originator of the profoundly important quantum theory. Quantum theory helped better our knowledge of both atomic and subatomic properties.Planck had discovered this theory when making the assumption that energy was made of individual units, otherwise known as quanta, Einstein even added onto this theory, but I’ll go in more depth about that later. -
Max Planck cont.
Fun Facts: One of his professors had urged him to not go into physics -- I bet that guy looks stupid now
He was actually good at creating music, he played the piano.
He was really good at Tag. You know, the childhood game where you touch-and-go!
Nobel Prize -- ✔ -
Robert Millikan
Robert Millikan was born on Mar 22, 1868 in Morrison, Illinois. One of Robert’s major successes was his demonstration of the charge carried by an electron. He was also able to prove that this was constant for all electrons using the “falling-drop method”. This means that Millikan timed the fall of the drop of an electron. -
Robert Millikan cont.
He measured this by using the contraption to the right to spray oil mist above two plates many, many drops of oil would become negatively charged as they picked up electrons. The charge came from an electric field between the two plates.When the drops had landed on the plates, Millikan was able to use a powerful light and microscope (as powerful as you could get in 1906) to observe the now glistening drops. -
Robert Millikan cont. 2
He was really good at both tennis and golf.
He did more than just atomic discoveries, he also discovered cosmic rays.
He made the California Institute of Technology (CIT) famous due to his discoveries there.
Nobel Prize -- ✔ -
Ernest Rutherford
On August 30th, 1871, in Nelson, New Zealand, Ernest Rutherford was brought into existence. Little did his family of 14 (5 daughters, 7 sons, and 2 parents) know, that at age 30, Ernest would discover that the atom has a nucleus. He did this by performing, the now famous, Geiger-Marsden experiment (otherwise known as the “gold-foil experiment”. For more on how he did this, refer to the Nuclear Model section of the timeline. -
Ernest Rutherford cont.
Fun Facts: He invented a new type of radio receiver in college.
He has an element -- rutherfordium
He had been knighted in 1914
Nobel Prize -- ✔ -
Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein was born on March 14th, 1879 in Ulm, Germany. He had many famous achievements, his biggest one being the “Theory of Relativity”, something he considered to be his life’s work. When it comes to Albert Einstein’s contribution to the atom, he mathematically proved that it existed. In April and May, Einstein had published two papers. In these paper’s he not only had come up with a way to count and find the size of an atom, but he had also explained the Brownian Motion. -
Albert Einstein cont.
The result of this was, of course, proving the atom’s existence. Proving Brownian Motion (the erratic random movement of microscopic particles in a fluid, as a result of continuous bombardment from molecules of the surrounding medium. -- Webster’s Dictionary) played a big role in Einstein’s discovery, and played a big role in forcing “naysayers” to believe in the idea of atoms. -
Albert Einstein cont. 2
Fun Facts: Einstein's brain had actually been 15% larger than the average brain.
His teachers didn’t consider him a good student.
He had never learned how to swim.
Nobel Prize -- ✔ -
James Chadwick
James Chadwick was born October 20th, 1891 in Cheshire, England. Chadwick had made one of the most crucial discoveries in 1932, he recognized that the atom was composed not only of electrons and protons but neutrons as well. I don’t feel I need to stress that this was a BIG deal. -
James Chadwick cont.
Chadwick had discovered this through the use of kinematics (the branch of mechanics that deals with pure motion, without reference to the masses or forces involved in it. - dictionary.com) to measure the velocity of protons, and from here, Chadwick was able to resolve that there was neutral radiation of similar size to the proton. Fun Facts: He was a prisoner of war in World War 1
He had also been knighted in 1945, by royalty of course.
He helped develop the A-bomb.
Nobel Prize -- ✔ -
Louis De Broglie
As you may be able to tell from the last name “De Broglie”, he was born in France, Dieppe to be specific. He was born on August 15th, 1892. De Broglie’s discovery had mainly referenced electrons, and their wave-like motion. De Broglie was enlisted by the french in World War 1 to experiment with radio waves. After the war, De Broglie had went on to studying X-Rays with his brother. This had gotten him to start thinking about the “dual-nature” of light, or more so, the “wave-particle duality”. -
Louis De Brogile cont.
After this, he started to get curious if matter worked in the same way. This was actually proven in 1927 by G.P. Thomson, Clinton Davisson, and Lester Germer in an experiment where they had used an electron beam. At some points of the beam, their would be point-like behavior, giving proof of waves. The keywords in this statement is some points, the differentiating intensity is what gave proof to these waves. -
Louis De Brogile cont. 2
Fun Facts He never got married
He had actually offered to help the army with radio communication
He also had a degree in history, it was 1st one too!
Nobel Prize -- ✔ -
Plum-Pudding Model
Plum Pudding Model:
The Plum Pudding Model had been proposed by J.J. Thomson in 1904. J.J. Thomson had also discovered the electron in 1897. In the Plum Pudding Model, it was believed that an atom had been assembled by electrons, surrounded by a casing of protons to counteract the negative charge embedded by the electrons. This had brought upon the idea that atoms even had a negative and positive charge . -
Plum-Pudding Model cont.
Background info:
How a Crookes’ Tube works: A Crookes’ Tube was made up of a sealed glass tube that had two electrodes separated by a vacuum. When given voltage, cathode rays would be generated.
Cathode Rays: Streams of electrons, otherwise known as e-streams. -
Plum-Pudding Model cont. 2
J.J. Thomson had used a Crookes’ tube to prove his idea that atoms were charged -- and depleted -- by something. He had proved this by using a magnet to move the cathode ray produced by the Crookes’ tube. Since a magnetic field was able to affect a cathode ray, Thomson was able to conclude that the rays were made up of electrons, not light. Given this idea, he was able to further conclude that atoms had also contained electrons, and needed to be balanced by protons. -
Nuclear Model
In 1911, Ernest Rutherford, a student of J.J. Thomson, had discovered that the atom has a nucleus. In Rutherford’s theory, the atom was made up of a positively charged (made up of protons) nucleus surrounded by electrons. -
Nuclear Model cont.
Some postulates of the Nuclear model are as follow:
Most of the atom’s mass was derived by a very small component in the middle, called the nucleus.
Electrons have a fixed path around the nucleus and are moving at very high speeds.
An atom has no charge, but it can be electrically neutral.
The nucleus is a very small portion of the atom; it doesn’t take up a bunch of space. -
Nuclear Model cont. 2
In 1909, Rutherford, Hans-Geiger, and Ernest Marsden had completed their “Gold Foil Experiment” Rutherford had shot a beam of particles at a piece of foil, and the particles had bounced off. This offset Thomson’s theory, it meant that there was an object in the middle of the atom. This is how Rutherford discovered the nucleus. Rutherford had predicted the particles to go through the gold foil, but what actually happened was similar to firing a bullet at a balloon and the bullet bouncing off. -
Bohr's Model
Bohr Model:
The Bohr model was named after its inventor, Niels Bohr, in 1913. Bohr’s theory revolved around (no pun intended) one simple idea introduced through the most simple atom, the hydrogen atom. He proposed that the atom (hydrogen) had been made up of one proton in the center, and a lighter electron orbiting around it. Some -
Bohr's Model cont.
of the postulates of this were as follow:
Electrons revolve around an atomic nucleus, which is where the proton was.
Only certain orbits were approved.
In the approved orbits, electrons were unable to create radio waves.
The light of an object would change when an electron would change its revolution. -
Bohr's Model cont. 2
Ionization energy, the energy required to remove an electron provides proof of a quantum shell, a rather prevalent part of Bohr’s idea. The balmer series also supports Bohr’s idea of energy transformation, it is a series of spectral emission lines for electrons energy transitions. -
Toroidal Ring Model
Also known as the Parson’s magnetron model, the Toroidal Ring model had been composed by A.L. Parson in 1915. In this model, charge fibers were twisted a numerous amount of times to account for the number of angular movement of an electron inside of an atom. Although this model never got too popular, it did have strong advocates like Stanley Allen of the University of Edinburgh. The primary postulate of this theory is that there is an electron barrier around the atom. -
Toroidal Ring Model cont.
The proof for part of this theory lies within Ampère's circuital law, created in 1826. This law represents one of the primary relations between both magnetism and the electricity that creates it. This proofs that there is some sort of electron boundary around an atom because why else would it have a magnetic field. -
Wave Model
The Wave Model was first alluded to by Louis De Broglie in 1924.
This model is rather self explanatory, De Broglie said that “ all particles of matter (from single atoms to large objects) moving at some velocity would have the properties of a wave.”. What De Broglie is saying, is that if photons can be particles by the photoelectric effect, the converse that they should be used as waves should be true. Another part of this model is the idea that electrons are not moving on a fixed path. -
Wave Model cont.
What proves some of De Brogile’s model is the photoelectric effect. The photoelectric effect was the work of Einstein, and it is the process where electrons are ejected by electromagnetic radiation. De Bregolie is saying that if you were to reverse this effect (when electromagnetic radiation is removed, there are more electrons), waves should be created. The idea that electrons don’t have a fixed path comes from quantum mechanics. -
Wave Model cont. 2
In short, the movement of an electron is calculated with probabilities, and with different paths, there would be different probabilities, causing an almost infinite number of possibilities -
Quantum Model
Erwin Schrödinger had come up with the quantum model in 1926. This model is very similar to the Bohr Model, but it has one major difference; This model’s electrons are not on a fixed path, and instead, Schrödinger predicts the odds of the location of an electron. It should be duly noted that this model is a mathematical one, not a physical one. Some postulates of this model are:
As we learn more about an electron’s position, less is known about the energy. -
Quantum Model cont.
Electrons have spin, and can spin two ways; up or down.
Any electrons sharing the same orbital must go different directions. The Heisenberg uncertainty principle states “the position and the velocity of an object cannot both be measured exactly, at the same time, even in theory.” this gives proof to Schrödinger’s idea of not being able to find both energy and position. Spin is an intrinsic property of matter, and with that as a given, there is nothing against the idea of electrons having it. -
Lucas Model
Lucas Model:
In 1996 and when in High School, Joseph Lucas introduced the model derived from his very name. Lucas’ model had incorporated protons, neutrons, electrons, and he also follows the ideas that charged electrons and protons move in an orbit based off their momentum and angular movement. According to Lucas, all of this happens without “radiating electromagnetic energy”. -
Lucas Model cont.
Lucas’ model also strives to answer some of the most perplexing questions in science, such as ; the number of electrons in an electron shell, the structure of the nucleus, and even predicts the number of spins of nuclides.
(side note: nuclide- “a distinct kind of atom or nucleus
characterized by a specific number of protons and neutrons.” - Webster’s Dictionary -
Lucas Model cont. 3
Ampere’s law is something I had mentioned earlier when describing Parson’s model, and its truth stays within this model as well, the only difference is that it's the converse in this situation. Faraday’s law says “any change in the environment will cause a voltage to be induced.” in Lucas’ case the change is electromagnetic energy, and that is why his process can happen without radiating energy.
Larmor’s formula -
Period: to
Bibliography -- Democritus
"Democritus." World Encyclopedia. . Encyclopedia.com. 4 Oct. 2018 http://www.encyclopedia.com. Williams, Matt. “Who Was Democritus?” Universe Today, Universe Today, 27 July 2016, www.universetoday.com/60058/democritus-atom/. “Democritus Facts.” Math, www.softschools.com/facts/scientists/democritus_facts/721/. -
Period: to
Bibliography -- John Dalton
A&E Television Networks. “John Dalton.” Biography.com, A&E Networks Television, 4 Oct. 2017, www.biography.com/people/john-dalton-9265201. “Dalton's Atomic Theory.” Rutherford Model of the Atom, www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/composition/dalton.html. “Anirudh.” Learnodo Newtonic, 13 Sept. 2018, learnodo-newtonic.com/john-dalton-facts. -
Period: to
Bibliography -- J.J. Thomson
“Fun Facts.” J.J. Thomson, josephjohnthomsonp1.weebly.com/fun-facts.html. -
Period: to
Bibliography --Max Planck
Stuewer, Roger H. “Max Planck.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 30 Sept. 2018, www.britannica.com/biography/Max-Planck -
Period: to
Bibliography -- Robert Millikan
“17 Little-Known Facts About Max Planck.” Mental Floss, 22 Aug. 2017, mentalfloss.com/article/502908/17-little-known-facts-about-max-planck. -
Period: to
Bibliography -- Ernest Rutherford
Ernest Rutherford – Biographical. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Media AB 2018. Fri. 5 Oct 2018. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1908/rutherford/biographical/ “Fun Facts about James Chadwick - Jimmy the Neutron.” Google Sites, sites.google.com/site/annemaryknowles/for-kids--the-discovery-of-the-neutron/fun-facts-about-james-chadwick. -
Period: to
Bibliography -- Albert Einstein
“Albert Einstein and the Most Elemental Atomic Theory.” ANS Nuclear Cafe, ansnuclearcafe.org/2012/03/20/albert-einstein-and-the-most-elemental-atomic-theory/#sthash.zUZtFXKV.dpbs. Staff, Editorial. “50 Interesting Facts About Albert Einstein.” The Fact File, The Fact File, 11 Sept. 2018, thefactfile.org/albert-einstein-facts/. “Einstein Theory.” Persian Wars, www.hyperhistory.com/online_n2/History_n2/index_n2/einstein_theory.html. -
Period: to
Bibliography -- James Chadwick
James Chadwick – Biographical. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Media AB 2018. Fri. 5 Oct 2018. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1935/chadwick/biographical/ “Fun Facts about James Chadwick - Jimmy the Neutron.” Google Sites, sites.google.com/site/annemaryknowles/for-kids--the-discovery-of-the-neutron/fun-facts-about-james-chadwick. -
Period: to
Bibliography -- Louis De Broglie
Cline, Barbara Lovett. “Louis De Broglie.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 11 Aug. 2018, www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-de-Broglie. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-de-Broglie -
Period: to
Bibliography -- Elemental Model
"Democritus." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . Encyclopedia.com. 4 Oct. 2018 http://www.encyclopedia.com. Williams, Matt. “Who Was Democritus?” Universe Today, Universe Today, 27 July 2016, www.universetoday.com/60058/democritus-atom/. https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/philosophy-and-religion/philosophy-biographies/democritus https://www.universetoday.com/60058/democritus-atom/ -
Period: to
Bibliography -- Billiard Ball Model
Boundless. “Boundless Chemistry.” Lumen, Lumen Learning, courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/history-of-atomic-structure/. Helmenstine, Anne Marie, and Helmenstine. “What Is the Law of Conservation of Mass?” ThoughtCo, ThoughtCo, www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-conservation-of-mass-law-604412. -
Period: to
Bibliography -- Nuclear Model
“New Page 2.” Transition Metals, chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/history/gold.html. Study.com, Study.com, study.com/academy/lesson/rutherford-model-of-the-atom-definition-diagram-quiz.html. -
Period: to
Bibliography -- Bohr's Model
“The Breakdown of the Bohr Atomic Model.” Young Scientists Journal, ysjournal.com/archive/ysj-issue-2/the-breakdown-of-the-bohr-atomic-model/. Libretexts. “Ionization Energy.” Chemistry LibreTexts, Libretexts, 8 Sept. 2017, chem.libretexts.org/Textbook_Maps/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Ionization_Energy. -
Period: to
Toroidal Ring Model
“1 Is Matter Made of Light? Superluminal Quantum Models of the Photon and the Electron Richard Gauthier Santa Rosa Junior College Santa Rosa, CA Sonoma. - Ppt Download.” SlidePlayer, SlidePlayer, slideplayer.com/slide/8332185/. -
Period: to
Bibliography -- Wave Model
“The Wave Model of the Atom.” Einstein.byu, einstein.byu.edu/~masong/HTMstuff/textbookpdf/C17.pdf. Libretexts. “11.5: De Broglie's Postulate.” Chemistry LibreTexts, Libretexts, 12 Jan. 2018, chem.libretexts.org/Textbook_Maps/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/11%3A_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Atomic_Structure/11.05%3A_de_Broglie's_Postulate. -
Period: to
Bibliography -- Quantum Model
“The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom.” Khan Academy, Khan Academy, www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/quantum-numbers-and-orbitals/a/the-quantum-mechanical-model-of-the-atom. Development of the Atomic Theory, www.abcte.org/files/previews/chemistry/s1_p6.html. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Uncertainty Principle.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 16 Feb. 2018, www.britannica.com/science/uncertainty-principle. -
Period: to
Bibliography -- Lucas Model
“Why Do Accelerated Electrons Radiate Electromagnetic Radiation?” Thecuriousastronomer, 13 May 2014, thecuriousastronomer.wordpress.com/2014/05/13/why-do-accelerated-electrons-radiate-electromagnetic-radiation/.
“Models of Atomic Structure.” Common Sense Science | Atom Models, www.commonsensescience.net/survey/popups/models_of_atomic_structure.html. -
Period: to
Bibliography -- Used for all
“Models of Atomic Structure.” Common Sense Science | Atom Models, www.commonsensescience.net/survey/popups/models_of_atomic_structure.html tdewitt451. “Models of the Atom Timeline.” YouTube, YouTube, 6 Dec. 2012, www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=226&v=NSAgLvKOPLQ. Infoplease, Infoplease, www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science-and-technology/physics/physics/crookes-tube. -
Period: to
Bibliography -- Billiard Ball Model cont.
“Law Of Constant Composition.” Electrolytes, Ionisation And Conductivity | Reactions In Aqueous Solution | Siyavula, www.siyavula.com/read/science/grade-10/physical-and-chemical-change/13-physical-and-chemical-change-03. “Dalton's Atomic Theory.” Khan Academy, Khan Academy, www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/electronic-structure-of-atoms/history-of-atomic-structure/a/daltons-atomic-theory-version-2. -
Period: to
Bibliography -- Bohr's Model cont.
Balmer Series | COSMOS.” Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/B/Balmer+series. -
Period: to
Bibliography -- Wave Model cont.
Libretexts. “1.3: Photoelectric Effect Explained with Quantum Hypothesis.” Chemistry LibreTexts, Libretexts, 15 Sept. 2018, chem.libretexts.org/Textbook_Maps/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_(McQuarrie_and_Simon)/01%3A_The_Dawn_of_the_Quantum_Theory/1.3%3A_Photoelectric_Effect_Explained_with_Quantum_Hypothesis. -
Period: to
Bibliography -- Albert Einstein cont.
“This Month in Physics History.” American Physical Society, www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200502/history.cfm. -
Period: to
Bibliography -- James Chadwick cont.
“PhysicsLAB: Famous Experiments: The Discovery of the Neutron.” PhysicsLAB: Ripple Tank Sample Solutions, dev.physicslab.org/Document.aspx?doctype=3&filename=AtomicNuclear_ChadwickNeutron.xml.
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1935/chadwick/biographical/ -
Period: to
Bibliography -- Antoine Lavoisier cont.
CK-12 Foundation. “11.5 Decomposition Reactions.” CK-12 Foundation, CK-12 Foundation, www.ck12.org/book/CK-12-Chemistry-Concepts-Intermediate/section/11.5/. -
Period: to
Bibliography -- Antoine Lavoisier
“Lavoisier.” Transition Metals, chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/history/lavoisier.html. American Chemical Society International Historic Chemical Landmarks. Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier: The Chemical Revolution. http://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/lavoisier.html (accessed October 3rd, 2018). “ChemTeam: Lavoisier and His Law.” ChemTeam: Standard States of the Elements, www.chemteam.info/Equations/Conserv-of-Mass.html. -
Period: to
Bibliography -- Plum-Pudding Model
Boundless. “Boundless Physics.” Lumen, Lumen Learning, courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-physics/chapter/the-early-atom/.Williams, Matt “What Is The Plum Pudding Atomic Model?” Universe Today,Universe Today,6 Dec.2016, www.universetoday.com/38326/plum-pudding-model/.
Mott, Vallerie.“Introduction to Chemistry.”Lumen, Lumen Learning,courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/cathode-rays/.
Infoplease,Infoplease,www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science-and-technology/physics/physics/crookes-tube. -
Conclusion -- Reflection
I honestly wish I had more time to work on the project before the due date. I worked at least 20 hours on the doc, and even worked on the project from 4:00PM - 1:00AM Thursday night. On the days prior, I worked from around 5:00PM - 10:00PM. I know that I'm definitely a part of the rare few that tried the best they possibly could on this project, and that other people only needed the time allotted in class, but I wanted to make sure I brought my best, refined work to the table. -
Conclusion -- Reflection cont.
If I had more time, I would've added more scientists, and probably cleaned up the presentation a bit more. If it wasn't obvious enough, I did have to break my work into parts, which wasn't my personal preference. I don't like the "cont." and the "cont. 2", but using the software I did, there was a 500 character limit when the majority of my descriptions had anywhere from 750 to 1500 characters
