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The Encyclopédie
The encyclopédie helped to spread the knowledge among educated public in the second half of the 18th century.
It presented critical ideas form the Enlightenment thinkers on stratified society and absolutism. -
Industrial Revolution
The process of change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing.
These technological changes introduced novel ways of working and living and fundamentally transformed society. This process began in Britain in the 18th century and from there spread to other parts of the world. -
Watts steam engine
A pumping appliance that used steam to draw water directly from a well by means of a vacuum created by condensing steam. The appliance was also proposed for draining mines, but it could only draw fluid up approximately 25 feet, meaning it had to be located within this distance of the mine floor being drained. As mines became deeper, this was often impractical. It also consumed a large amount of fuel compared with later engines -
Independence of the US
On July 4 of 1776 the Declaration of Independence of the US was approved by the Continental Congress.
This was an historical event that came up from many political and millitary events. -
French Revolution
Its aim to ned absolutism and the Ancien Régime.
Revolutionaries wanted all male citizen to be considered free and equality an end to feudal priviledges and the right to participate in political life. -
Napoleon Empire
Napoleon began his conquest of Europe in 1803 and was crowned emperor by the pope in 1804. -
War of Independence
The Spanish War of Independence was a war that occurred between 1808 and 1814 within the context of the Napoleonic Wars, which pitted the allied powers of Spain, the United Kingdom and Portugal against the First French Empire, whose intention was to install Napoleon's brother, José Bonaparte, on the Spanish throne. after the abdications of Bayonne. -
Luddism
A popular movement emerged in England in the early nineteenth century, led by artisans who protested against the growing use of machines in the productive process – especially threshers and looms -, they considered that their use destroyed the employment and deteriorated the working conditions. -
Constitution of Cadiz
The Political Constitution of the Spanish Monarchy also known as the Constitution of Cádiz and as La Pepa, was the first Constitution of Spain and one of the earliest constitutions in world history. The Constitution was ratified on 19 March 1812 by the Cortes of Cádiz, the first Spanish legislature that included delegates from the entire nation, including Spanish America and the Philippines. -
Congress of Viena
A conference between between the European powers that defeat Napoleon to established European borders and secure peace. -
Ferdinand VII
Ferdinand VII was the King of Spain during the early- to mid-19th century. He reigned over the Spanish Kingdom in 1808 and again from 1813 to his death in 1833. He was known to his supporters as el Deseado and to his detractors as el Rey Felón. -
Revolution 1820
Is a nacionalist movement that ended the absolutism and started the Ancien Régime. -
The Liberal Triennium
The Trienio Liberal is a period of three years in the modern history of Spain between 1820 and 1823, when a liberal government ruled Spain after a military uprising in January 1820 by the lieutenant-colonel Rafael de Riego against the absolutist rule of Ferdinand VII. -
First trade unions.
The first labour organizations to bring together workers of divergent occupations were formed.
Possibly the first such union was the General Union of Trades, also known as the Philanthropic Society, founded in 1818 in Manchester. -
Spanish american Independence
The Spanish-American Wars of Independence were a series of armed conflicts between 1809 and 1829, which developed in the American colonies and possessions of the Spanish Empire in the early nineteenth century, in which the side in favor of independence, also called revolutionary or patriotic, faced the side in favor of maintaining the integrity of the Spanish Monarchy, which would later be known as realist or viceregal. -
Stephenson´s steam locomotive
This new transport system would carry more passengers and goods in less time and at a lower cost. -
Revolution 1830
This was a process which started in Paris.
In this revolution there were claims of nacionalist character with interests of the minoritary groups like the burgeoise and the peasants. -
Isabella II
Isabel II, was Queen of Spain between 1833 and 1868,3 thanks to the repeal of the Succession Regulations of 1713 (commonly called "Salic Law" although, technically, it was not)b through the Pragmatic Sanction of 1830. This provoked the insurgency of the infante Carlos María Isidro, brother of Fernando VII and uncle of Isabel II, who, supported by the so-called "Carlist" groups, had already tried to proclaim himself king during the agony of Fernando. -
Commmunist manifesto
Is a pamphlet by German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.The Manifesto was later recognised as one of the world's most influential political documents. It presents an analytical approach to the class struggle (historical and then-present) and the conflicts of capitalism and the capitalist mode of production, rather than a prediction of communism's potential future forms. -
Revolution 1848
This revolution emerge from political ,social, ideological, economic and social factors.
The socialists also brought a new ideology to the revolution. -
First International.
Was an international organisation which aimed at uniting a variety of different left-wing socialist, communist and anarchist groups and trade unions that were based on the working class and class struggle. It was founded in 1864 in a workmen's meeting held in St. Martin's Hall, London. -
Italian unification
In 1859, The liberal monarchy of Piedmont-Sardinia started a unfication. They declared war on Austria and annexed Lombardy, while a popular uprising led by Garibaldi overthrew the absolute moarchies in central and southern Italy.
In 1861, Victor Manuel II of Savoy became king. In 1866 Austria left Venecia and in 1870 the Papal States were annexed by Italy. -
German Unification.
In 1834 Prussia ceated customs union that united the majority of the Germanic States. In 1848 the king od Prussia refused the crown of Germany because its parliament was liberal.
Prussia declared war on Demark in 1864, on Austria in 1866 and in France in 1870.
Prussia was victorious in the three wars, making posoble the unification of Germany. In 1871, Wilhen I was proclaimed emperor of the Second German Empire. -
I Republic
This takes place in a short period of time because it was only in force for eleven months, between the years 1873 – 1874, within a stage known as the Democratic Sexennium. Despite their brevity, they were times of great political and social tensions, since there were four presidents who followed, numerous uprisings, a war in Cuba and the elaboration of one of the most modern Constitutions that had occurred until then. -
Bourbon Restoration.
Was the period of French history after Napoleon's first fall on 3 May 1814 to the July Revolution of 26 July 1830, but interrupted by the Hundred Days' War of 20 March 1815 to 8 July 1815. The brothers of the executed -
Balkan wars
The Balkan Wars were two wars that took place in southeastern Europe from 1912 to 1913. The first pitted the Ottoman Empire against the so-called Balkan League made up of Bulgaria, Montenegro, Greece, and Serbia. -
First World War
It involved much of Europe, as well as Russia, the United States and Turkey, and was also fought in the Middle East, Africa and parts of Asia. One of the deadliest conflicts in history, an estimated 9 million were killed in combat, while over 5 million civilians died from occupation, bombardment, hunger or disease.The genocides perpetrated by the Ottomans and the 1918. -
February Revolution
The February Revolution of 1917 in the Russian Empire marked the first stage of the Russian Revolution of 1917. It caused the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II, ended the Russian monarchy, and led to the formation of a Provisional Government. -
Octover Revolution
The October Revolution, also known as the Bolshevik Revolution and the Great October Socialist Revolution according to both the official historiography of the former Soviet Union and according to some communist groups, was the second phase of the Russian Revolution of 1917, after the February Revolution. -
Litovsk
The Peace of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918 in the Belarusian city of Brest-Litovsk between the German Empire, Bulgaria, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and Soviet Russia. -
League of Nations
The League of Nations was an organization for international cooperation. It was established on January 10, 1920, at the initiative of the victorious Allied powers at the end of World War I and was formally disbanded on April 19, 1946. -
Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles was a peace treaty that was signed in that city at the end of World War I by more than fifty countries. -
Bloody Sunday
Bloody Sunday was a day of violence in Dublin on 21 November 1920, during the Irish War of Independence. More than 30 people were killed or fatally wounded -
Second World War
It was a global military conflict that took place between 1939 and 1945. Most of the nations of the world were involved in it, grouped into two opposing military alliances: the Allies, on the one hand, and the Axis powers, on the other. It was the largest military conflict in history, with more than one hundred million soldiers mobilized. Marked by events of enormous repercussion that include the mass death of civilians. -
Operation barbarossa
Was the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany and most of its Axis allies, starting on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during World War II. -
Atack on pearl harbour
Was a surprise military offensive by the Imperial Japanese Navy against the United States naval base at 1941. The attack was intended as a preventive action aimed at prevent the intervention of the United States Pacific Fleet in the military actions that the Empire of Japan was planning to carry out in Southeast Asia against the overseas possessions of the United Kingdom, France, the Netherlands and the United States. -
Atomic bomb of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were two nuclear attacks ordered by Harry S. Truman, president of the United States, against the Empire of Japan. -
United Nations
The United Nations (UN),is the largest international organization in existence. It was created to maintain international peace and security, foster friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation to solve global problems, and serve as a center that harmonizes the actions of nations. -
Universal declaration of Human Rights
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a document adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations in its Resolution 217 A (III), on December 10, 1948 in Paris, which includes in its 30 articles the human rights considered basic.