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The eighteenth Dynasty rules in Egypt. Egypt is at the height of its power.
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The Israelites leave Egypt under Moses, wander in the desert for forty years, and finally settle under Josue in the Promised Land.
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Hiram rules over the flourishing maritime kingdom of Tyre in Phoenicia.
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The Kingdom of Israel in the North with Samaria as the capital, including ten tribes. The Kingdom of Juda in the South with Jerusalem as the capital, comprised of the tribes of Juda and Benjamin.
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Sisac invades Juda and Israel.
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Romulus and Remus create Rome.
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The Phoenician alphabet is founded, bringing the knowledge of writing back to the Greeks.
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Self-governing, Greek colonies spring up from the Mediterranean to Ursa Minor, to North Africa to the Black Sea.
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The Kingdom of Israel is destroyed by the Assyrans. Sargon II takes Samaria. The people are led away to Babylon and Ninive. The Book of Tobias narrates an episode of the captivity.
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Sennacherib, king of the Assyrians, besieges Jerusalem in the reign of Ezechias
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Manasses becomes King of Judah as a vassal of Senacherib of Assyria.
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With the fall of Nineveh, the Median kingdom succeeded to all the old Assyrian providences in Iran. This includes the providences in which the Israelite captives from the northern kingdom had settled.
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In the resulting spoils, Assyria falls to the Medes; Mesopotamia, Syria, and Palestine to the Babylonians
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Josias is slain after intercepting Nechao as he advanced through Palestine.
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Joachaz is crowned king of Juda by the people and reigns for three months. Nechao deposes Joachaz and instead raises Joachim as a vassal of Egypt.
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Nebuchadnezzar defeats him at Characamis on the Euphrates. Syria falls into the hands of the Babylonians.
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Nebuchadnezzar besiges Jerusalem and carries off many captives, among them is Daniel, to Babylon. Joachim transfers his allegiance from Egypt to Babylon.
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King Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon, besieges Jerusalem during the third year of the reign of Judean King Jehoiakim. Babylon wins, and Jehoiakim submitted to Babylon's rule. Evidence suggests that Babylon then marched on Jerusalem.
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Nebuchadnezzar dream about a statue symbolizing the four kingdoms which will follow Babylon. Then how God's kingdom will triumph over all of them. No one other than Daniel is able to interpret it.
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Nebuchadnezzar besiges Jerusalem, and the king along with about ten thousand citizens are deported to Babylon
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Zarathustra, the prophet of the Persians, the first great religious founder-leader know to history outside of Israel, converts King Vishtaspa of Bactria to his new faith, Zoroastrianism.
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Jerusalem is burnt and the Temple destroyed. Large numbers of people are carried off to Babylon.
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Jerusalem is captured by Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon. All but the poorest people are deported to Babylon.
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Daniel has four visions about, going off the same theme as Nebuchadnezzar's dream.
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Cyrus of Persia revolts against the Median king Astyagesn, and assumes power over all of his kingdom.
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Daniel has a vision about a ram and a goat. The ram symbolizes the Medo-Persian union, and the goat symbolizes Alexander the Great. This vision predicts the Greek conquest of Medo-Persia, and the events which happened after Alexander the Great's lifetime.
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Lydia attacks the Achaemenid Empire's city of Pteria in Cappadocia. Persia levels an army against them, and overthrows the Lyduan capital, Sardis.
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Cyrus of Persia (or Darius the Mede, Gubaru -- governor of Babylon -- or Ugbary, the orchestrator of Persian Conquest) invades the city of Babylon after strategically diverting the river. King Belshazzar gives a feast, drinking from vessels stolen from Jerusalem, and a mysterious hand writes on the wall. Daniel interprets the writing, which says that Belshazzar's kingdom (Babylon) to Medes. That night Belshazzar is killed and the kingdom taken.
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Cyprus of Persia allows the Jews to return back to their homeland. More than 42,360 Jews returned to the Promised Land, carrying with them the spoils of war taken from the temple at the fall.
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Daniel meets the angel Gabriel, who tells him about the next four kings of Persia, and how the last will make war on Greece. The angel talks about wars and marriages and treaties -- up to the rule of Antiochus. Gabriel then tells Daniel to write this down and hide it away.
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The prophet Haggai delivers a sermon at the ruins of Solon's Temple, spurring the people back into construction.
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King Darius leads a major expedition to secure the Straits -- the Hellespont and the Bosporus -- which established Persian rule in eastern Thrace and along to the Black Sea coast.
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With support from Athens and Sparta, the Ionians in the coast of Asia Minor revolt against King Darius
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A series of wars between Greece and Persia, fought over the course of almost half a century. Fighting was the most intense during the two Persian invasions
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Battle of Marathon
Persia, wanting to punish Athens for aiding the Ionians, attacks Athens. Their leader, Mardinios, tried to storm the city, but the Athens with a charge, managed to defeat him. This made Mardinios want to defeat Athens with a larger expedition. -
Darius is succeeded by his son Xerxes.
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The Greeks, under the leadership of Themistocles, snatched victory from the Persians in a naval battle.
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Xerxes is defeated at Salamis and Plataea
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The Parthenon is completed under Pericles's leadership
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A war fought between Sparta and Athens that shifted power from Athens to Sparta
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After commanding the city on Lesbos to death, the Athenian government revoked their order, and a messenger ship caught them just as the army pulled into the harbor.
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The Athenian navy wins a victory at the Battle of the Arginusae Islands, which would be their last.
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Sparta defeats Athens
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Sparta wins an unconditional surrender from Athens.
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Cyrus the Younger organizes a revolt against his older brother Artaxerxes II. They won the battle of Cunaxa in Babylonia, but Cyrus died, leaving the Greeks stranded. Xenophon was put in charge. They marched 2,500 miles, and returned home virtually unscathed.
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Alexander marches across to Asia, visits Troy, and met the Persians head on at the river Granicus.
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Alexander attempts to invade India, but is stopped by the unexpected use of elephants as war steeds.
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Alexander the Great and other Macedonian officers take on Persian wives as a way of integrating culture throughout the empire.
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King Phyrrus of Epirus and his army of 2,500 men and 20 elephants attempts to invade a legion of barbarians bearing the Roman eagles. After the battle comes to a draw, Phyrus marches on Rome
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Prompted by Alexander the Great's death, the Celts took the initiative to invade Greece
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The first of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage, culminating in Rome's victory.
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The Romans, hoping to regain their territory lost in the first Punic War and disperse anti-Roman tensions, attempt to storm Syracuse by water and land. They failed both times, due to the genius inventions of Archimedes, and instead, decided to lay a siege lasting until 212 BCE.
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The first of four conflicts between the Roman Republic and Macedonia. These conflicts helped with Roman domination of the eastern Mediterranean area.
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After a defeat by the citizens of Syracuse, the Romans decide to lay siege to the city. This goes on for a year, before the Romans storm the gate during a festival to Artemis -- slaying Archimedes in the process.
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After an outrageous execution of their citizens, a small group of Tarentines form an anti-Roman conspiracy. With Hannibal's help, they infiltrate the city while everybody was stone-cold drunk, ridding it of Romans.
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The city of Capua defects to the Carthaginians, so Rome lays siege to get it back. Hannibal, eager to reclaim his winter camp, heads to Rome as a tactical feint; his plans are foiled, as the Romans see through this feint and continue the siege on Capua. Eventually, the city falls and the Romans once again are their rulers.
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Put in charge of the Roman army in Spain, young Scipio crosses the Erbro to arrive at New Carthage, which he promptly takes.
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The Romans conquer the Iberian Peninsula from the south. They fought the Iberians and defeated them at Alcalá del Rio.
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Incited by the Roman Senate against Philip after he refused to guarantee no hostile moves against the state. Phillip's forces were beaten by the Romans and their Greek allies in Cynoscephalae. The peace terms included most of their navy, tribute, and loss of territory.
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After conquering Spain, the Romans divide their territory into two parts: Hispania Citerior (Nearer Hispania) and Hispania Ulterior (Further Hispania).
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Philip's son, Perseus, began making alliances with various Greek city-states. Rome declared war, which ended when the Roman army defeated the Macedonians at the Battle of Pydna. Macedonian was broken up into four republics required to pay annual tribute to Rome.
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A pretended son of Perseus, Andriscus, tries to reestablish the Macedonian monarchy. The rebellion was qyashed, and Macedonia was made into the first province of the Roman Empire
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Rome vs Italy
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Palestine becomes a part of the Roman province of Syria.
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Fearing his rise of power, some senators hatch a plot to murder Caesar inside the Senate.
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After the original consuls passed away, Octavian and his uncle Pedius marched to Rome to demand the consulship. The senate conceded and he became consul.
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Octavian, Mark Antony, and Marcus Lepidus meet at Bononia and form the second triumvirate. There, they conspired to put to death three hundred senators and two hundred of the commercial class. Their wealth would transfer to the triumvirate.
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Octavian and Antony triumph over Cassius and Brutus, who committed suicide by the end of the battle.
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After a series of events, which ended up pitting the two members of the Triumvirate against each other, Mark Antony and Octavian make peace. The alliance was sealed by Octavian's sister -- Octavia -- to Mark Antony
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The Parthians invade Palastine, and Herod fled to Rome. There, the Senate nominated him client king of Judea and outfitted him with an army.
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Augustus Caesar (formerly Octavius) becomes first citizen.
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His stepson, Tiberius, is appointed his sucessor
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By tradition, this is the year which St. Joseph dies. Jesus would've been twenty. Jesus now took charge of Joseph's carpentry shop for about a decade.
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This was the beginning of the Roman rule of Britain.
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It's thought St. Paul visited Spain around this time, as his letter to the Romans says
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To place the blame of the Great Fire of Rome away from him, Nero accuses the Christains of setting the fire. He ordered the arrest of certain Christains and tortured them, while implicating many others.
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During the first Roman-Jewish war, Nero lays seige to the city of Jerusalem. Upon breaching, he set fire to both the temple and the city
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The Roman army builds Hadrian's wall during Emperor Hadrian's visit to Britain.
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Marcion of Sinope decides to found his own church, the first to break off in history. He founds Gnosticism
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At the peak of the Christain Persecution, many in Leon were tortured to death.
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The megolomaniac emperor is strangled to death in his bath, Three months later, his sucessor Pertinax was assasinated by his Prateorian Guard.
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For the first time since Nero's and Domintian's persecutions of the Christians, an official edict was ordered to rid the Roman Empire of Christians. By March, the pope and many other bishops had been martyred. In the fall, however, Decius went to the Balkans, and the persecution ended. He died soon after
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The Pope and his deacons, including Deacon Lawrence, were found in the catacombs. This was punishable by death. Lawrence was kept alive, in order to access the supposed Christian wealth, but when he revealed the treasure to be the poor and needy, he was condemned to death.
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The Visigoths settle in the Roman Empire as federati or allies. However, the officials of Roman Emperor Valens took advantage of them. The Visigoths rose up, routed the Imperial Army, and killed Valens. Emperor Theodosius then routed them, and the Visigoths returned to Thrace.
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After being pushed westward by the Huns, the Ostrogoths and Visigoths entered the Roman Empire. The Ostrogoths had their first fight with the Romans, defeating them
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After Emperor Theodosius died, the Visgoths led by Alaric sacked Athens and then Rome. They then settled in Toulouse, France
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After the Visigoths fight the other barbarian tribes, earning the favor of Rome, they are allowed to settle in Gaul.
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The Visigoths return to Spain under Roman authority to destroy the Suevi
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King Leovigild conquers Málaga, Medina, Sidonia, and Córdoba in order to unite Spain under his rule.
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St. Augustine begins his mission to unite the British Christianity and the body of the Church. He ultimately fails after a failure to compromise.
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After King Edwin marries into the Kent royal family and agrees to be baptized, St. Paulinus begins missionary work in North Eastern England.
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The Mercians kill King Edwin, leading to the temporary collapse of Northumbria.
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King Oswiu of Northumbria rules that his kingdom observe the customs of Rome rather than the customs practised by Irish monks at Iona.
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In a second attempt to conform British Christianity, the Church sends Theodore of Tarsus and Hadian of Carthage to Canterbury. They manage to expand the Church in England.
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The initial expansion of the Umayyad Caliphate over Hispania. The conquest resulted in the destruction of the Visigothic Kingdom and the establishment of the Umayyad Wilayah of Al-Andalus.
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The Battle of Guadalete was the first major battle of the Umayyad conquest of Hispania. Many members of the Visigothic nobility, opening the way for the capture of the Visigothic capital of Toledo.
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Adb al-Aziz concludes an agreement with the Visigothic lord, Theodormir or Murcia, that allows him to have a bit of power within the district of Tudmir.
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Musa, governor of North Africa, seizes Mérida, where the Visigoth nobility had held out throughout the winter of 712
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The Kingdom of Asturias was the first Christian political entity after the Umyyad Conquest of Hispannia
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Charles Martel and the Franks face off against the Umayyad Caliphate. This battle stops the Umayyad Caliphate from advancing any farther into the Pyrenees. This is the turning point for Christianity, as the Muslim faith would have continued into the rest of Europe.
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Believed to be built by King Offa of the Mercians, the dyke was a probable display of power. It offers a view from Mercia into Wales.
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Charlemagne decides to secure his hold on the Basque territory. He conquers the city of Pamplona and tore down its walls -- some sources suggesting that he razed it to the ground, along with other towns around it. There were accounts of the Franks' harsh treatment of the Basques during their occupation. As the Franks retreated across the Pyrenees back to Francia, the rearguard of Frankish lords was cut off and was wiped out.
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Denmark Vikings attack Lindisfarne, marking the beginning of the Viking Age in Britain.
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Forty-eight Christians were decapitated for announcing their apostasy publicly and blaspheming against the prophet Muhammad.
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Ivan the Boneless invades East Anglia and by 866 takes Northumbria.
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Ivar negotiates the Treaty of Nottingham, which he soon breaks and kills King Edmund of East Anglia whose martyrdom earned him the title of Sain
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Alfred defeats the Danes
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A battle between the Norman-French under the Duke of Normandy, and an English army under the Anglo-Saxon King Harold Godwinson, beginning the Norman Conquest of England
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The Count of Barcelona and the Republic of Pisa attack the Muslim islands of Majorca and Ibiza. Many Christian slaves were freed. Though the success was temporary, it stimulated trade.
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In a botched attempt to capture Queen Eleanor, Arthur is captured by King John and is never heard from again. Most evidence points to John later killing him.
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After coming to terms with the provinces he had raided, King Philip of France journeyed down to Normandy. There, he laid battle to the surrounding areas and took Normandy.
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Setting aside the clergy and crown candidates for the position of Primate of England, Pope Innocent III elected Stephen Langton, a respected doctor and cardinal. This caused King John to begin a bloodless war against the Church, persecuting clergy and seizing Church lands.
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As a result of his conflict with the Church, Pope Innocent III excommunicates John.
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An important turning point in the Reconquista and the medieval history of Spain. The battle results quickened the Almohad decline both in the Iberian Peninsula and in the Maghreb.
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Unable to continue fighting against the Church, King John submits and repents. In turn, the Church forgives him and declares him an ally.
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Dissatisfied with the situation regarding King John and the power he held, the barons confronted King John. This led to the establishment of the Magna Carta.
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After King John perished, King Henry III, a boy of nine years old, became king. William the Marshall became the regent of the king.
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After fighting Hubert de Burgh for a year, King Louis of France was forced to leave the country.
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A treaty between Louis IX of France and Henry III of England, which ended 100 years of conflicts between the Capetian and Plantagenet dynasties.
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With the worker shortage as a result of the Black Death, the English peasants revolt for better working conditions.
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The treaty established Henry V's rights to the French throne after the king's passing.
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The first battle of the Wars of Roses. A Yorkist victory, with Richard, Duke of York, on the throne
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The series of civil wars between the House of Lancaster and York over the English throne. The wars resulted in the termination of the Lancaster dynasty, the York dynasty, and the rise of the Tudor dynasty.
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Battle in the Wars of Roses. Lancaster victory
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Battle in the Wars of Roses, Yorkist victory
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Houses of Lancaster and York were united, creating a new royal dynasty, the Tudors.
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The start of the Reformation. Biblical studies professor Martin Luther writes a document criticizing the selling of indulgences.
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Ferdinand Magellan circumnavigates the globe, traveling from Spain, to Argentina, the Magellan Stait, to Guam, to the Philippines, and back to Spain.
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Pope Leo X issues a papal bull that states Luther has sixty days to recant his claims or be excommunicated.
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Luther appears before Diet of worms, refusing to rescind his claims.
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Charles V issues the Edict of Worms, which declares Luther a public outlaw and criminal. This makes it illegal to own Luther's books.
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The biggest uprising in Western Europe before the French Revolution. It was caused by changes brought by the Reformation. As a result of the revolt, the peasants in western and southern Germany gained agrarian rights, and freedom from oppressive nobles and landlords.
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The biggest uprising in Western Europe before the French Revolution. It was caused by changes brought by the Reformation. As a result of the revolt, the peasants in western and southern Germany gained agrarian rights, and freedom from oppressive nobles and landlords.
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A war between the Hapsburg dominions of Charles V and the League of Cognac, an alliance between France, Pope Clement VII, Venice, England, Milan, and Florence.
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Mutinous Spanish soldiers sack Rome, as a result of being underpaid. The sack increased the animosity between the Catholics and Lutherans
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A pact of alliance between Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and Pope Clement VII, declaring their intent repel the Turkish advances.
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First of the Acts which declared King Henry VIII the Supreme Head of the Church of England.
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A popular (peasant) revolt, which originated in Yorkshire then spread to various parts of Northern England, due to a protest against Henry VIII's split with the Catholic Church, the disbandment of various monasteries, and against Thomas Cromwell's policies.
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Cardinal Beaton was the main obstacle in King Henry VIII's Reformation of Scotland. His murder was a significant point in Protestantism north of the Border.
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A war between France and the Ottoman Empire against the Holy Roman Empire and the Holy League. Resulted in an Ottoman victory.
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Battle between Scotland and England, which resulted in an English victory. The news of the Scottish loss is rumored to have caused the Scottish king's death.
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The 19th ecumenical council of the Catholic Church. It was prompted by the Protestant Reformation. The council issued condemnations of what it defined as heresies and clarifications on various parts of its doctrine.
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Battle between the Holy Roman Empire and the Schmalkaldic league, which ended the Schmalkaldic War. (Victors: Holy Roman Empire)
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A treaty between Charles V and the Schmalkaldic League. It was the first permanent legal basis for the coexistence of Lutheranism and Catholicism.
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The second issuing of the Act of Supremacy, established by the first Parliament of Queen Elizabeth I. Declared her the Supreme Governor of the Church of England.
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An Act of the Parliament of England established as a part of the Elizabethan Religious Settlement in England.
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Began as a statement of faith from the Reformed churches of France to John Calvin during a period of persecution. When persecution subsided, twenty delegates met secretly in Paris, where they produced a Constitution of Ecclesiastical Discipline and a Confession of Faith.
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A period of civil war between French Catholics and Protestants. Between two million and four million people died from violence, famine, or diseases directly caused by the conflict. France remained a Catholic state.
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A seige that occurred when the Ottoman Emprie attempted to conquer the island of Malta, which was then held by the Knights Hospitaller. Christian victory.
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A conflict between rebels in the Hapsburg Netherlands and the Spanish government. Resulted in the creation of the Dutch colonial empire.
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After fleeing to England, Mary of Scots was escorted to Carlisle Castle, beginning her 19 year imprisonment in England, until she was executed in 1587
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A naval battle between the Holy League (Catholic states) and the Ottoman Empire, fought in the Gulf of Partas. Last navel engagement in the Western World to be fought almost entirely with rowing vessels. This battle also marked the turning-point for Ottoman expansion into the Mediterranean, further defending Europe from imperial expansion. Christian victory.
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A targeted group of assasinations and mob violence directed against the Protestants (the Huguenots) during the French Wars of religion. Said to be instigated by Queen Catherine de Medici, the massacre began a few days after the marriage of the king’s sister Margaret to future Henry VI of France. After the killing of a group of Huguenot leaders, the slaughter spread thoroughly the country. Number of death is estimated from 5000-30000.
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The eighth civil war of religion in France. Fought between Henry of Navarre, Henry III of France, and Henry of Guise, because of a succession crisis. Ended with Henry of Navarre outliving the others.
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Mary Queen of Scots is found guilty in conspiring in a plot for Queen Elizabeth's assassination.
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A naval engagement between the Spanish Armada and the Anglo-Dutch, where Spain attempted to invade England to reinstate the Catholic religion, stop support for the Dutch Republic, and to stop Dutch&English privateers. Anglo-Dutch were the victors.
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Fought between an Irish alliance against England, due to an ongoing Tudor colonization of Ireland. Resulted in an English victory.
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An assassination attempt on James I by a group of English Catholics (led by Robert Catesby, aka Guy Fawkes).
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An incident at Meux and Co. Horse Shoe Brewery, where a 22 ft tall wooden vat of porter burst. The resulting flood caused 8 deaths.
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A disaster in which a storage tank collapsed, sending 2.3 million gallons of molasses into the North End neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. It resulted in 21 deaths.
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