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Early Use
In some institutions, automation of the financial and accounting functions began in the mid 1950's. These systems were transaction or process oriented systems. -
Period: to
Health Care
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Artificial heart valve developed
Cleveland Clinic Artificial heart valve developed Charles Hufnagel, a professor of experimental surgery at Georgetown University, develops an artificial heart valve and performs the first artificial valve implantation surgery in a human patient the following year. The valve—a methacrylate ball in a methacrylate aortic—size tube-does not replace the leaky valve but acts as an auxiliary. The first replacement valve surgeries are performed in 1960 by two surgeons who develop their ball-in-cage designs independen -
Patient care
Some health care institutions begin to include patient care applications in their computer systems (Saba, Johnson, & Simpson, 1994). -
Value realized
By the mid 1960's the abilities of computers had been recognized by some health care institutions. In 1965 the US Congress amended the Social Security Act to include Medicare and Medicaid. To qualify for reimbursement, nurses were required to provide data to document care delivered US Department of Health and Human Services, 1983). This proved to be a great impetus to the development of nursing information systems. By this time shared data-processing centers were providing some hospitals with b -
Diognosis Included
By the late 1960's some hospital information systems include patient diagnoses and other patient information, and care plans based on physician and nursing orders (Saba, Johnson, & Simpson, 1994). -
UMHDS
The concept of a Uniform Minimum Health Data Set (UMHDS) was formulated in an effort to develop national health data standards and guidelines (Werley, Devine, & Zorn, 1998) -
POMR
Taking advantage of third generation computers, in 1968 development of the PRoblem Oriented Medical Information System (PROMIS*) was begun by Dr. Lawrence Weed at the University Medical Center in Burlington, VT (McNeill, 1979). The importance of this system lies in the fact that it was the first attempt to provide a total, integrated system that included all aspects of health care including patient treatment. It used as its framework the problem-oriented medical record (POMR*). The system was pa -
Home Care Use
The Division of Nursing, U. S. Public Health Service, Department of Health, Education and Welfare funds the first invitational conference on management information systems for public and community health agencies under the auspices of the National League for Nursing (NLN) (Saba & McCormick, 1986). This conference was followed by five workshops held around the country designed to teach community health nurses how to implement computerized management systems in their agencies. The participants wer -
SNOMED
SNOP enlarged to include medical terms and becomes known as the Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine (SNOMED). Development continued with the goal of using it in electronic records. -
Staffing
Rockland County (NY) Health Department attempts to computerize the patient progress methodology to develop a patient care classification and nurse staffing system for local community health nursing agencies. Funding and technological limitations keep it from ever being functional (Saba & McCormick, 1986). -
Buffalo, NY
The State of New York at Buffalo attempts to computerize a standardized patient assessment form. The computer technology, however, is not advanced enough to process the numerous variables and it is never computerized (Saba & McCormick, 1986). -
Medical Informatics
The first International Medical Informatics Association Working Conference on the Impact of Computers on Nursing is held in London, England. This was followed in 1985 by another international nursing informatics conference in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. These are now held every three years. -
Use In Medicare
Middle to late 80's, Saba and the research staff of the Home Health Care Classification Project at Georgetown University develop a method for classifying home health Medicare patients for the purpose of predicting resource requirements and measuring outcomes (Saba, O'Hare, Zuckerman, Boondas, & Oatway, 1991). Known as the Home Health Care Classification it is still in use today.
