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Period: 1500 to
Early Modern Period
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Period: 1509 to 1547
Reign of King Henry VIII
He's the son of the 1st Tudor king and became the king when he was 17 years old. He initiated the schism: the church of England was separated from the Roman Catholic Church.
He is one of the most famous and emblematic English Kings. -
Oct 31, 1517
Martin Luther wrote the Ninety-Five Theses
Critique of the indulgences(+catholicism): according to him, salvation was free, one didn't have to pay anything to obtain it -
1521
Excomunication of Martin Luther from the catholic church
Since he criticised the catholicism in the Ninety Five Theses, he was excommunicated from the church and declared a heretic -
1526
Publication of the Tyndale Bible
William Tyndale translated the New Testament into English -
1534
Act of Supremacy (1)
Established the Anglican church and made King Henry VIII the sole and supreme head of the church -
Period: 1534 to 1553
Protestant Reformation
Separation of the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church, England became Protestant -
Period: 1536 to 1537
Pilgrimage of Grace
They were greatest rebellions ever faced by a Tudor monarch and lasted 6 months. They happened in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire.
People were against the dissolution of the monasteries and the Reformation, they had few demands and economic grievances were also a cause of the rebellions -
1537
Permission for an English Bible
In 1537 permission was given for an English Bible, they became mandatory in every church. -
Period: 1545 to 1563
Council of Trent
Attempt of the Catholic Church to correct some of the abuses of the church. It was held in Trent, Italia.
During that time, the Pope’s hostility to the Elizabethan religious settlement was growing
He instructed English Catholics not to attend Anglican church services. -
Period: 1547 to 1553
Reign of Edward VI: The young king
Son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour, he was only 9 years old when his father died and during his reign a series of measures pushed England towards Protestantism. -
Period: 1553 to 1558
Reign of Mary I
She was the daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon and she restored Catholicism in 18 months.
She repealed the Protestant legislation of her father and half-brother. -
Period: 1553 to 1554
Restauration of the Catholicism by Mary I
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Period: 1555 to 1558
Bloody Mary
During this period, Protestantism was confined to secrecy and over 200 Protestants were burnt alive, they were considered as heretics -
Period: 1558 to
Reign of Elizabeth I
She was the half sister of Mary I, an unmarried woman who became the queen at 25 years old.
Her reign is associated with the idea of a Golden Age for the country.
She was a sincere protestant and didn't pursue her sister's legacy with the catholicism, and chose to restore the protestantism -
1559
Act of Supremacy (2)
Elizabeth I abolished the authority of the Pope
and restored the authority of the Queen over the Church. She became “Supreme Governor of the Church of England”. -
1559
The Act of Uniformity
Religious belief were every parish had to use the Book of Common Prayer.
People who did not attend an Anglican service were fined. -
Period: 1563 to
The 39 articles of Faith
Beginning of the doctrine of the Church which is a religious belief (still in use today)
They were 3 important changes a new conception of the Church) / a new doctrine of Salvation and a new definition of sacraments and of the mass -
1570
Excommunication of Elizabeth I by the Pope
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1571
Treasons Act
Made it treason for anyone to say that Elizabeth was not the true Queen of England and Wales -
The Babington plot
Young Catholics had sworn to kill Elizabeth and put Mary Stuart on the throne but their strategies were discovered by Francis Walsingham, when he managed to decipher a coded letter between Marie Stuart and this group. -
Execution of Mary Queen of Scots (Mary STUART)
She was the daughter of King James V of Scotland and Mary of Guise.
In 1568, Mary was involved in a civil war in Scotland, and had to flee to England. After this was kept her under close watch by Elisabeth in England for 19 years because she was a threat to her: for catholics she was the legitimate heir and many plotted to replace Elizabeth by Mary Stuart. -
Speech to the troops at Tilbury
The queen made this speech in Tilbury, Essex, in order to rally the troops who were preparing to repel the invasion of the Spanish Armada -
The Defeat of the Spanish Armada
Philip II, the Catholic King of Spain supported several plots against Elizabeth because to support the cause of Protestantism, Elizabeth supported the Dutch Revolt against Spain.
As a result, the King of Spain attempted to invade England
The England ended victorious, this victory acted as proof of the extraordinary qualities of Elizabeth -
East India Company founded by royal charter
It started to establish a small empire of trading posts in India, with three main settlements: Bombay (now Mumbai), Calicut (now Kolkata), and Madras (now Chennai). The East India Company enabled England to dominate the trade of luxury goods such as spices, cotton, silk, and tea from both India and China, while also playing a key role in local politics. -
Period: to
Reign of King James I of England and VI of Scotland: Religion, Finance and war
He was the son of Mary Queen of Scots.
James was proclaimed King of Scotland in 1567 and was crowned King of England in 1603 on Elizabeth’s death. He strongly believe in the divine rights of kings -
The Gunpowder Plot
It's a failed conspiracy devised by a small group of Catholics to blow up Parliament and kill James I. They rented a cellar underneath the House of Parliament and used it to hide barrels of gunpowder, to cause huge damage if it exploded. -
Establishment of Jamestown in Virginia
The first English colonies were formed in North-America
It's the first permanent settlement -
Period: to
The Starving Time
Period of starvation, only 60 of the 500 colonists survived. Some settlers even turned to
cannibalism -
The Great Contract
Financial reform introduced by the king where he would receive a fixed sum.Some Members of Parliament worried that the King might not need to call Parliament anymore to raise money. As a result, the House of Commons refused to support the Great Contract. -
English translation of the King James’ Bible
The translation of the King James Bible into English was the most significant religious change during James' reign.
In 1625 James I died -
Saviour of Jamestown: a new brand of tobacco
Discovered by John Rolfe (a Jamestown settler) helped by his wife Pocahontas (daughter of the Powhatan’s chief) who taught him Indian
techniques of cultivation.
This brand of tobacco first sold in England in 1614, had a huge success -
Financial of the war on Spain
The Parliament agreed to finance the war on Spain but it would mostly be a war for the next king (Charles I) to lead -
Three Resolutions
It was declared that anyone who attempted to introduce 'Popery or Arminianism,' or who sought to alter the Protestant forms of the Church of England, as well as anyone advising the King to collect customs duties without Parliament's consent, was considered an enemy of the Kingdom. (passed by the members of parliament) -
Period: to
The Personal Rule
Eleven years during which the King ruled without convening Parliament were referred to by historians as "The Eleven Years' Tyranny."
Charles favoured the Arminians led by Archbishop Laud and Puritans were forced to obey or leave.
Under Archbishop Laud, the importance of the sacraments was re emphasized, you had to do the sign of the cross and bowing at the name of Jesus
changes to the location of the altar in churches.
Many Protestants took this as a return to catholicism -
Period: to
Charles II
Son of Charles I, he was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1660 until his death in 1685. He is best known for being restored to the throne after the period of the English Civil War and the Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell.
Charles II died in 1685 and was succeeded by his brother James II -
Period: to
Scottish Crisis
The Scottish Crisis, took place between 1637 and 1640, and was a major conflict between King Charles I of England and the people of Scotland, mainly over religious and political issues. -
Scottish National Covenant
Charles I opposants signed a petition opposing Charles' religious policy, it called for the spiritual independence of the Scottish to be maintained -
The Short Parliament
Needing money to fight the Scots, Charles called a parliament for the first time in 11 years -
irish Rebellion
The Irish Rebellion was a large uprising in Ireland, mainly led by Irish Catholics. It was one of the key events that helped trigger the English Civil War. The rebellion happened because of growing tensions between the Catholic Irish people and the Protestant English and Scottish settlers, caused by political, religious, and economic problems -
Militia Act
The Act passed in 1641 said that Parliament, not the King, could choose the general in charge of the army, taking away the King's right to appoint whoever he wanted. -
The Grand Remonstrance
It's an important document voted by Parliament after heated debates which summarized all the wrong doing of Charles I and concluded on “revolutionary” demands like the right of the House of commons to choose the King’s ministers or
the right for Parliament to control any army sent to Ireland and the right for Parliament to reform the Church -
Attempt of Arrestation of MPs
Charles I believed that John Pym and 4 other MPs were plotting against the Queen. He wanted to impreach them but parliament refused so he marched into the House of Commons with troops and attempted to arrest them -
War Declaration
Charles formally declared war on Parliament -
Period: to
The First English Civil War
This war opposed the Royalists against the Parliamentarian
The First civil war would cost the lives of 190 000 Englishmen (in combat/from diseases) and last for four years. -
The King and the Royalists surrendered
Charles surrendered to the Scots, who handed him to Parliament
Thinking the war was over, the House of Commons decided to disband the New Model Army BUT without paying the soldiers what they were due (at that point they hadn’t being paid for months).
This led to mutiny. -
The King was seized
The New Model Army seized the King. -
Escape of the King from army custody
The King escaped from army custody and allied himself with the Scots (he promised to introduce Presbyterianism/Calvinism into England, in return the Scottish army would invade England and restore him to power)
The parliament was horrified because he used a foreign army to wage war on his own people which led to the Second Civil War -
Regicide: Execution of King Charles I
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Abolition of the Monarchy
Monarchy and House of Lords abolished, England was declared a Commonwealth (a republic). -
Period: to
The Interregnum
Time between 2 reigns, between 2 kings
England declared a “Commonwealth”, the country was governed by its people without a King
But they failed to reach stability which led to the creation of a “Military Protectorate” ruled by Cromwell -
Period: to
The Commonwealth
The Commonwealth was the period in English history from 1649 to 1660 when England was governed as a republic, without a monarchy. It followed the execution of King Charles I and the abolition of the monarchy after the English Civil War. -
Execution of King Charles I
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Period: to
The growth of slavery
A slow start in the 17th century, than a rapid
increase in the 18th century.
For example in Virginia in 1650: there was probably no more than 500 slaves,over 5 000 in 1700 and over 170 000 in 1800 -
The Instrument of Government
England’s first and only written constitution -
Period: to
The Cromwellian Protectorate
The Cromwellian Protectorate was the time when Oliver Cromwell ruled England after the monarchy was abolished. He became the Lord Protector, which meant he was the leader of the country, but not a king. -
Invasion of Jamaica
In 1655 the English invaded Jamaica -
The Popish Plot
Rumour of a plot organised by the French to murder Charles II and replace him by his Catholic brother James II -
Period: to
The Exclusion crisis
Parliament attempted to debar James II from the succession to the English throne.
Charles’ reaction was to dissolve the Parliament. -
The Bill of Rights
The Bill of Rights of 1689 is a crucial document in British history that outlined the rights of Parliament and limited the powers of the monarchy. -
The Act of Settlement
It ensured a Protestant succession, ignoring dozens of Catholic heirs -
Act of Union between England and Scotland
Creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain: England (and Wales) and Scotland. This act united the two countries, which had previously been separate kingdoms, into one single nation under a single monarch and Parliament. -
Period: to
War of the Spanish Succession
Britain gained Acadia over the French -
Period: to
THE WHIGS (The Whig Party)
They had supported the Glorious Revolution
Dominated British politics from 1715 to the 1780s -
Period: to
Seven Years’ War
Britain gained Florida over the Spanish and (most of) Canada over the French -
Period: to
Turning Point in British History
The nation lost a huge part of its empire in the American War of Independence.
This marked the end of what is now called the ‘First British Empire’ -
The shape of the British Empire by 1783
By 1783, Britain had established an empire which comprised of:
• colonies in North America including the West Indies, and the Pacific including New Zealand (which became a British Colony following an expedition by James Cook in 1769)
• trading posts in India
• naval bases in the Mediterranean - Gibraltar and Minorca
But
• Britain's defeat in the American War of Independence meant
the loss of the American colonies -
Irish Rebellion of 1798
An uprising in Ireland against British rule, inspired by the ideas of the American and French Revolutions. It involved a mix of Presbyterian radicals and Catholics. The rebels were defeated, and their defeat was marked by brutal atrocities. -
Union Act of 1801
Union of the United Kingdom, Great Britain and Ireland, creating the Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland