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(624 BCE - 546 aC) He considered water to be the beginning of all things. He was also famous for his knowledge of astronomy after predicting the eclipse of the sun that occurred on 28 May 585 BCE. -
(610 BCE - 546 AC) Anaximande believed that the arkhe couldn’t be one of the known elements, such as water, and any particular class of matter, so he brings important ideas about the origin of the whole. -
(585 BCE - 528 / 525 AC) Through materialist argumentation he asserted that air is the vivifying principle and that it is the origin of life, which makes all beings have soul. -
(497 BCE - 428 AC) He accepted the hypothesis of the immutability of being. It also gave a great boost to nature research based on experience, memory and technique. -
(460 BCE - 377 AC) He made great progress in the systematic study of clinical medicine, gathering medical knowledge from previous schools and prescribing medical practices of great historical importance, such as the Hippocratic Oath and other works. -
(384 BCE - 322 AC) He is considered one of the first biologists, and classified 500 species of fish and other animals
· He built his own philosophical system.
· He was the founding father of logic.
· He posited the principle of non-contradiction.
· He proposed a division of philosophy.
· He proposed an ethics of virtues.
· He expounded the classical theory of forms of government -
(372 BCE - 287 AC) Teofrasto made the first classification of plants based on their medicinal properties. The three main divisions of Botany are:
The TAXONOMY - Classification of plants.
The MORPHOLOGY - Form and structure of plants.
VEGETAL PHYSIOLOGY - Studies how inorganic matter undergoes a process of synthesis to become living matter. -
(335 BCE - 280 AC) He made discoveries about the arrangement of blood vessels in the brain, carrying the posterior venous confluent of the brain by the press name of Hydrophiles. He checked the synchrony of the pulse with the heartbeats and claimed that intelligence is not in it, but in the brain. -
(130 BCE - 216 AC) - It showed how several muscles are controlled by the spinal cord.
- She identified seven pairs of cranal nerves.
- He showed that the brain is the organ responsible for controlling the voice.
- He demonstrated the functions of the kidney and the bladder.
- He discovered structural differences between veins and arteries.
- He described the valves of the heart. -
(370 AC - 415 BC) Alexandria's Hippatia is considered the first woman known to have made a substantial contribution to the development of mathematics and the best mathematician in the Greco-Roman world. -
(787-886) He was one of the most famous astronomers and astrologers of the Middle Ages, was a mathematician and one of the first Islamic philosophers. He exhibited a scientific theory on the origin of the universe. -
(808-873) A doctor and Arabic translator, with his translations he collaborated in the transmission of Hellenic scientific knowledge to Islam, as well as being the author of the first Arabic treatises on ophthalmology. -
(865-923) He is considered the most notable physician in the Arabic language. He wrote an encyclopedia about smallpox and scarlet, discussing the affections of each organ. He wrote works on logic, surgery, etc. -
(850-1007) He translated Ptolemy's planisphere, revised and corrected one of the astronomical works on the movements of the stars. He corrected the size of the Mediterranean Sea, the right ascension of each zodiacal sign and the declination of the stars. -
(965-1040) He was an expert physicist in astronomy and is considered the grandfather of the scientific method, being the first to lay the groundwork for experimentation, he is considered the father of optics. He explained light and developed a formula for adding the first 100 natural integers. -
(980-1037) Arab physician, philosopher and thinker, he was known as a prince of physicians. Performing a description of multiple pathologies and their remedies, he was a teacher for doctors of his time. -
(1095-1139) He was a philosopher, scientist, musician, poet and expert in disciplines such as mathematics, theology, medicine, astronomy, botany, poetry and logic. In botany he wrote a book on plants, in astronomy he wrote a treatise on fragments in geometry and astronomy. -
(1115-1190) Philosopher and Toledan translator of the 12th century, he translated more than 20 works and philosophical works from Arabic into Latin. He wrote five major treatises and two other doctrines, most notably the doctrine of universal hilemorphism and the doctrine of the single agent intellect. Gundisalvo interpreted Metaphysics as the name of a discipline. -
(1126-1198) He studied physics, mathematics, medicine and astronomy. He made the first known explanation of the function of the retina, observed metastasis, and discovered the guiding principle of modern vaccines. -
(1220-1277): He was a philosopher. Among his works on medicine and natural sciences, the most famous is the Thesaurus pauperum, a kind of medical encyclopedia that studies the most widespread diseases and the remedies to combat them.
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(1452-1519). He studied the proportions of the human body, making great advances in human anatomy. The Vitruvio man, 1490, is a famous drawing accompanied by anatomical notes. -
(1473-1543) He formulated an astronomical model according to which the Earth and planets move around the Sun, which is at the center of the universe. -
(1514-1564). He discovered great advances in the circulation of blood and also the respiratory system. He served as a cirugian in the French army until 1537, from there he began to be a teacher of anatomy. -
(1564-1601). He invented new instruments and made more accurate observations of the position of planets until the arrival of the telescope. He used the instruments to determine the place of the numerous celestial bodies, for example. -
(1564-1642). Galilei manufactured the first telescope, with an increase of 30 times. He used it to see the moon, jopicer and stars. Thanks to the telescope, he made great astronomical discoveries. -
(1571, 1630). Kepler attempted to understand the laws of planetary motion for most of his life. Kepler considered that the motion of planets should consider the Pythagorean laws of astronomy. This theory is known as the harmony or music of the celestial spheres. -
(1625-1712). He discovered new satellites of Saturn, the division of Saturn's rings ( Cassini's Division), calculations of the rotation period of Mars, Venus, Jupiter, among others.
Awards: Louis XIV of France appointed him in 1671 director of the Paris Observatory and member of the Academy of Sciences. He was appointed a Fellow of the Royal Society. -
(1635-1703). In 1655 he published the book Micrographia, the account of 50 microscopic and telescopic observations with well-detailed drawings. This book contains the word cell for the first time.
Awards: in 1653 he won an award at Oxford -
(1642-1727). Newton showed that white light was made up of a band of colors, which could be separated by a prism. He claimed that it was made up of corpuscles and that it propagated in a straight line and not by wave. In addition, it was a genius to which we owe the discovery of the law of gravitation and also one of the inventors of differential and integral calculus. Awards: his first honor at the age of 22 (1655), a licentiate in arts from Trinity College. He received a total of 9 honors. -
(1689-1762). He discovered the smallpox vaccine. She fought to spread this revolutionary discovery.
Curiosity: It is said that, before he died from breast cancer, his last words were: "It was all very interesting". -
(1866-1945)(north-american geneticist) experimented with the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) and proposed in 1910 that heredity lies in the chromosomes located in the nucleus.
Awards: Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology 1933 -
(1867-1934)(physics and chemistry) pioneer in the early days of the study of radiation and radioactive elements.
Awards: Nobel Prize in Physics 1903
Davy Medal 1903
Matteucci Medal 1904
Actonian Prize 1907
Elliott Cresson Medal 1909
Albert Medal 1910
Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1911
John Scott Medal 1921
Willard Gibbs Award 1921
Benjamin Franklin Medal 1921 -
(1881-1955) (english bacteriologist) discovered penicillin in 1929, which is a substance that kills bacteria and is extracted from a fungus (Penicillium notatum), on the other hand, it started the era of antibiotics.
Awards: John Scott Medal 1944
Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology 1945
Albert Medal 1946 -
(1894-1980) (russian biochemist) in 1938 formulated a hypothesis regarding the origin of life on Earth, based on chemical reactions that took place in primitive oceans.
Awards: Hero of Socialist Labor 1969
Lenin Prize 1974
Lomonósov Gold Medal 1979 -
(1903-1989) (austrian zoologist) considered one of the fathers of ethology (study of animal behavior). He received the Nobel Prize in Physiology in 1973 for his studies on the learning patterns of goose and ducklings. He found that they learned to recognize and follow their parents even if they are adoptive.
Awards: Nobel Prize for Medicine 1973 -
(1905-1993) (spanish biochemist) in 1959 he discovered the mechanisms that produce ribonucleic acid (RNA), one of the chemical agents that determine heredity.
Awards: Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology 1959
National Medal of Science in Biological Sciences 1980
Science Medal in Chemistry 1980 -
Jaques L. Monod(1910-1976) (french biological) and Francois Jacob (1920-2013) (french biologist) received the Nobel Prize in 1965 for their studies in genetics on the control and regulation of gene activity.
Awards: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1965 shared -
(1918-2003) (north-american surgeon) performed the first heart and previously lung transplant operation with the medical team he led.
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(1928-2012) (north-american biologist) created the new taxonomy based on studies of ribosomal RNA. In 1990 he proposed the system of the three domains: Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya.
Awards: Leeuwenhoek Medal in 1992
National Science Medal in 2000
Crafoord Award in 2003 -
(1938-2019) (biochemist) relies on the discovery of the DNA polymerase of the bacteriophage virus phi29, which has a crucial application in biotechnology: it allows DNA amplification in a simple, fast and reliable way.
