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Issac Newton published his nook, "Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica", in which he describes the three laws of motion and his theory of gravitation.
Image source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg -
Antoine Lavoisier, the father of modern chemistry, published his book, "Traité élémentaire de chimie", in which he summarizes all his experimental and theoretical findings in the field of chemistry.
Image source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Antoine-Laurent_Lavoisier_and_his_wife.jpg -
Edward Jenner discovered the smallpox vaccine, the first vaccine ever used, and is believed to have saved more human lives than any other person.
Image source: http://www.med.umich.edu/opm/newspage/2007/paintings.htm -
Darwin published his book "On the Origin of Species", in which he describes how mankind came to be by evolving from apes. This idea was highly controversial, as it contradicted the religious origins of the world that most people believed in at the time.
Image source: http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/darwin_charles.shtml -
Louis Pasteur discovered that he cause of disease was not actually "bad air" but, in fact, living organisms that can be avoided. This revolutionized medical practice, especially surgery.
Image source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louis_Pasteur_experiment.jpg -
Albert Einstein published his theory of special relativity (a specific case of his more general theory of relativity, which he published later), which changed the way people viewed motion in space and time.
Image source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer.jpg
