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Hitler envisioned enlarging Germany beyond its 1914 borders
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In 1935, Mussolini attacked Ethiopia (angers international community)
Britain and France did not want to alienate Mussolini and in the end turned to Germany -
Japan joined the Axis powers
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1936 Germany allied with Italy in the Rome-Berlin Axis (origins of the Axis powers)
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Neville Chamberlain was committed to the policy of appeasement and did not want Britain in another war
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Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact was revealed:
This pact divided Poland between the two nations and allowed Russia to occupy the Baltic States
This pact effectively led to the French and English going to war -
Germany’s attack on Poland was swift—a Blitzkrieg—or lighting war
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In 1939 Hitler Invaded Prague putting an end to the Czech state
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British and French armies in Belgium fled to the English Channel and escaped from the beaches of Dunkirk, saving thousands of lives
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The Maginot Line, an imaginary line that ran from Switzerland to the Belgian frontier, was exposed on its left flank after Hitler remilitarized the Rhineland
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Hitler invaded Britain in 1940, bombing London and destroying much of the city
British morale grew during this time period and united the nation against Hitler -
Antisemitism (also spelled Anti-Semitism or anti-semitism) is prejudice against, hatred of, or discrimination against Jews as a national, ethnic, religious or racial group. A person who holds such positions is called an "antisemite".
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General Charles de Gaulle, who had fled to Britain, urged the French people to resist their conquerors and support the French National Committee of Liberation
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Britain was isolated after the Fall of France, but the rise of power of Prime Minister Winston Churchill ended the government’s days of appeasement
Churchill established a connection with FDR and the U.S aided Britian before entering the war -
War was thrust on the Americans in 1941 when Japan launched an attack on the U.S naval base at Pearl Harbor
The next day the U.S and Britain declared war on Japan
Three days later Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S -
The Atlantic Charter was a joint declaration released by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill on August 14, 1941 following a meeting of the two heads of state in Newfoundland. The Atlantic Charter provided a broad statement of U.S. and British war aims.
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In 1943 American and British began a series of day and night bombings on German cities
On June 6th, 1944 D-Day American, British, and Canadian troops landed on the coast of Normandy, France and got through the German defense
France was liberated by September -
The Battle of Bulge in December 1944 resulted in heavy Allied losses, but the Allies pushed on and crushed German resistance
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In France, the Vichy government that followed Germany’s aggression was a source of national controversy
It encouraged intense nationalism that fostered anti-Semitism
Internal resistance to the Vichy government developed in 1942, but large scale movements did not arise until 1944 -
Americans warplanes dropped Atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
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General Charles de Gaulle, who had fled to Britain, urged the French people to resist their conquerors and support the French National Committee of Liberation
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In 1945 France voted to end the Third Republic and the Fourth Republic was started with a new constitution
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Yalta Conference- divide Germany into four occupation zones
Potsdam Conference- divide Berlin into occupation zones (Berlin would be located in the Middle of Russia Zone)
France, Britain, and U.S would combine Zones their Zones
Russia would have a separate Berlin Zone
Created stage for Berlin Airlift -
Berlin wall
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In 1947 Truman set forth the Truman Doctrine which would evolve to the Marshall Plan
Designed to Restore prosperity
Provide broad Economic aid to European states working together for their mutual benefit -
In 1947 Truman set forth the Truman Doctrine which would evolve to the Marshall Plan
Designed to Restore prosperity
Provide broad Economic aid to European states working together for their mutual benefit -
The Molotov Plan was the system created by the Soviet Union in 1947 in order to provide aid to rebuild the countries in Eastern Europe that were politically and economically aligned to the Soviet Union.
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The State of Israel was created in 1948, and the Arab-Israel conflict over disputed territory involved Europe and the United States
The Soviet Union became an ally to Arab states
the U.S Supports Israel -
In 1949 Western nations form North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
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Warsaw Pact definition. A military alliance of communist nations in eastern Europe. Organized in 1955 in answer to NATO, the Warsaw Pact included Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union.
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The Korean Conflict in 1950 brought the Soviet Union and the United States on the opposite of yet another international dilemma
Proxy War- is a war that results when opposing powers use third parties as substitutes for fighting each other directly. -
Poland efforts towards independence temporarily caused crisis of Soviet troop movements in the region
The country managed to be led by a communist figure Wladyslaw Gomulka who was approved by the Soviet Communist party -
The Suez Intervention which involved French and British intervention in the war between Egypt and Israel
Proved that without U.S support, nations of Western Europe could not use military force to impose their will on the rest of the world -
After the rise of power of Imre Nagy in Hungary Soviet troops invaded the country and deposed Nagy
The United States did not liberate Hungary as they promised in the Truman Doctrine -
In 1957 the members of this group agreed to form a new organization called the European Economic Community (EEC) or common market
This group hoped to achieve the elimination of tariffs, a free flow of capital and labor, and similar benefits in their countries -
The 1960 Paris Summit Talks collapsed
Intended to promote the peaceful coexistence of the Soviet Union and the United States
The aborted conference closed the wall along the border between East and West Berlin, shutting two parts of the city off from each other -
WWII created a terrible refugee problem
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The concept of social insurance against risks should be available to all citizens came into being
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Britain created the first welfare state, with universal health coverage for all citizens
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Western European attitudes toward providing social security and coverage to all of their citizens grew in response to Communist promises (largely unfounded) of the same
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Women in the years since WWII have made important gains in the workplace
More women are in managerial positions and have better opportunities
Gender inequality remains a problem -
Many intellectuals remained fans of Marxism
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The University populations in Europe expanded in the post-war years with higher education available to women throughout Europe
In post war years, the American military presence in Europe, tourism, and student exchanges have all led to the Americanization of Europe -
Christianity continues to struggle against the forces of secularization in contemporary society
Strands of neo-orthodoxy and liberalism are evident in contemporary Christianity -
The environmental movement (sometimes referred to as the ecology movement), also including conservation and green politics, is a diverse scientific, social, and political movement for addressing environmental issues.
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The Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) tested JFK’s presidency
The Soviet Union built nuclear launch pads in Cuba and were shipping nuclear weapons to Cuba
The U.S impose blockade of these weapons
After intense standoff the Soviet Union backed off
U.S secretly remove nuclear bombs in Turkey while Soviet Union publically removed arms from Cuba (perceived as U.S victory) -
In 1963 the Soviet Union and U.S concluded a nuclear ban treaty that marked the beginning of reduced tensions
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In 1968 Leonid Brezhnev declared the right of the Soviet Union to interfere in the domestic policies of other Communist Countries
The Soviet Union sent troops into Czechoslovakia (Prague Spring) to repress more liberal form of communism
The Brezhnev Doctrine sought to sustain the Communist governments of Eastern Europe and to prevent liberalization -
Many European countries broke away from their colonies after WWII in a mass act of decolonization
Result of the war and response to nationalist movements in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East
The one exception to this is the rule of the Soviet Union
Many of the states that became newly independent were called the third world because they were aligned neither with the United States nor the Soviet Union
Would be the source of conflict especially in Latin America and Africa -
Any country that did not side with the US or the USSR
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Afghanistan in late December 1979 by troops from the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union intervened in support of the Afghan communist government in its conflict with anticommunist Muslim guerrillas during the Afghan War (1978–92) and remained in Afghanistan until mid-February 1989.
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Another powerful Intellectual trend during this time was existentialism
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Communism collapsed in Europe in part because of the changing Soviet Union policy advanced by Mikhail Gorbachev
Gorbachev wanted to revive the Russian economy
Under the policy of perestroika he proposed major reforms to the centralized economic ministries -
Under the policy of perestroika he proposed major reforms to the centralized economic ministries
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He also abandoned traditional Marxist ideology by advocating for ownership of private property and moving toward a free market ideology
When these policies did not achieve the economic gains he desired he pursued bold political reform such as his policy glasnost, or “openness” -
Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, LG, OM, PC, FRS was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and the Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990.
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Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev was the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, presiding over the country from 1964 until his death in 1982.
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In 1988 the leader of the EEC had decided that by 1992 the EEC was to be a free-trade zone with no trade barriers or restrictive trade policies
In 1991 the Treaty of Maastricht proposed a series of steps leading to a unified European currency (the Euro) and a strong central bank
The EEC was renamed the European Union -
The Euro was launched in 1999
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France decolonization became an important part of the Cold War as the United States became involved in the war in Vietnam
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Four events that were crucial to the transformation of intellectual thought with regard to communism:
The Spanish Civil War
The great purge trials of the 1930s
The Nazi Soviet Pact
The Soviet Invasion of Hungary in 1956 -
jewish people,,, in poland duh
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Some are hot.
womens rights changed