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Mary Wollstonecraft was born
first feminist -
Jane Austen was born
small village in soth-western England, educated by her father (rector of the church). Master of the novel of manners. Uses irony, main themes are love, friendship and marriage -
USA gained independence
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George Byron was born
unconventional aristocrat with a clump foot. student at cambridge. very attractive and famous, achieved a European reputation. he criticised the authors of the first romantic generation (wordsworth, coleridge). believed in individual liberty, against tyrans, nature ist not a source of joy and consolation. exotic landscapes reflect the individual's feelings. -
Percy Shelley was born
born in Sussex, father was a conservative member of the parliament. He was vegetarian and a republican against Catholicism,
married a 19y.o. girl just to free her from her father's tyranny, he separated and went to live with Mary Wollstonecraft.
elevated style because his target was the bourgeoisie. nature is a refuge form the disappointment and injustice of the world. the poet is a prophet and a titan challenging the cosmos. -
M. W. A vindication of the rights of Woman
a plea for women's education -
Period: to
J.A. Early Writings
Sense and Sensibility (elinor and marianne) and Pride and Prejudice (first impressions) -
Period: to
USA qaining new territories
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Slavery is willingly abolished in north USA
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G.B. Hours of Idleness
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Slavery was abolished in Britain
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G.B. Grand Tour
He travels across Spain, Portugal, Albania, Greece and Middle East. this experience inspired the first two cantos of Childe Harold's Pilgrimage. -
Edgar Allan Poe was born
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P. S. is expelled from Oxford
Because of his radical Pamphlet "the necessity of Atheism" published in 1811. -
J.A. Mature Works
after her father's death she moved to a small village a few miles away from her birthplace. Mainsfield Park, Emma, Persuasion. -
Publication of Sense and Sensibility
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Charles Dickens was born
unhappy childhood, had to work while his father went to prison, he taught himslef shorthand and become a journalist with the pen name Boz (sketches by boz, articles making middle class humor). his novels were published in instalments, so many flat characters, they had to match the public taste, so happy ending.
themes were children exploitation and social issuas. -
Period: to
G.B. Childe Harold's Pilgrimage
very successfull, made him a social celebrity.
Spencerian stanza: classical form, but romantic contents, iambic penthameter.
Childe Harold is a rich man who left Britain to forget Ada, who does not return his feeling, and because he is involved in gambling and drinking (autobiographical traits).
1-2 Cantos: escape to different places, picturesque, exotic images
3 canto: forget, the importance of time -
P. S. Queen Mab
Shelley epresses his philosophy of life in this poem -
Publication of Pride and Prejudice
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Congress of Vienna
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Byron leaves England
he married in 1815 but it collapsed due to a scandal (incestuous relationship with his half-sister).
He lived in Geneva with Shelley, then in Venice, then he moved to Milan, where he was involved in the patriotic plots against the Austrians. -
Jane Austen dies
probably of Addison's disease, some books were published posthumously -
Emily Bronte was born
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Shelley leaves England for good
voluntary exile in italy. -
Peterloo massacre - Shelley's England in 1819
At st. peter's field, Manchester a crowd had gathered to demand electoral refomr but the peaceful meeting wasdisrupted by the chivalry. it was named peterloo to remember waterloo's defeat.
shelley got inspired by the episode and wrote the poem England in 1819 to to protest against repression. -
P.S. Ode to the West Wind
Wind as a voice who announces change, symbol of natural, social and political rebirth.
elevated tone and language, shakespearean sonnet + dante's terza rima.
he wrote it in Florence in the conrtyside on a windy and rainy day, he describes the phenomena he is observing -
Mary ann Evans aka George Eliot was born
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Period: to
G.B. Don Juan
Written in Ottava Rima, it's his masterpiece, written in Venice. Mock epic, he criticises the bourgeousie, juan is a young and innocent boy who is seduced. -
P.S. Prometheus unbound
Lyrical drama -
P. S. Adonais and the devil's ballad
Elegy in honous of Johr Keats. in the Devil's ballad you can find the Declaration of rights. -
P. Shelley dies
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George Byron dies
severe fever. he was in Greece, fighting for independence from Turkey. His heart is buried in Greece, where he's regarded as a national hero. -
Slavery was abolished in British colonies
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Poor Law Amendment
Law introduced by a pastor, it established workhouses, institutions where poor people had to live.
workhouses were deliberately unpleasant to encourage poeple to do better and not to rely upon welfare. (during that time puritan values were very strong, it was considered a fault to be poor) -
Period: to
Victorian Age - Queen Victoria's Reign
1937-1960: Early victorian age, era of progress, reforms and expansionism. the prosperity also caused the victorian compromise: only a small part of the English had benefits, on the other side there was poverty, social unrest and disease.
1860-1900: Late Victorian Age Queen Victoria remained widow but was still an important figurehead. the politcal parties were Liberals ans Conservatives, they tried to solve problems about urban health, trade unions and state education. -
C. D. Oliver Twist
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E. A. Poe Tales of the grotesque and arabesque
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E.A. Poe The Raven
poem -
E. B. Wuthering Heights
under the pen name of ellis bell -
E. Bronte dies
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Publication of the Manifesto and revolutions in Europe
1849 pope pious condemned communism -
C. D. David Copperfield
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E. A. Poe dies
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Industrial Revolution
Railways and other means of transport modified the landscape.
Steam ships expanded the world to colonies.
newspaper spread out -
Robert Stevenson was born
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First Great Exhibition in the Critstal Palace
a way to expose one country's excellent manufactures to the world. the palace was designed by Paxton and was made of glass and iron ( ETA' DEL FERRO) -
Melville: Moby Dick
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Period: to
Crimean War vs. Russia
Turkey was becoming too weak -
C. D. Hard Times
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Oscar Wilde was born
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Joseph Conrad was born
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Charles Darwin publishes The origin of species
all living creatures have taken their form through a slow process of change and adaptation in a struggle for survivance.
man evolved like other animals from an ape-like mammal. darwin's theory discarded the bible's one and was later applied to social life by the philosopher Spencer -
C. D. Great Expectations
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G. E. The mill on the floss
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USA: 11 southern states declared independence
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Period: to
USA civil war
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Second Reform Act
All skilled workmen had the right to vote -
C. Dickens dies
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Wilde's lectures in the USA
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James Joyce was born
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R. S. Treasure Island
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Third Reform Act
Vote granted to all male householders. the secret ballot stopped corruption -
R. S. The strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr Hyde
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Conrad in Africa
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O. W. The picture of Dorian Gray
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R. Stevenson dies
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O. Wilde The importance of being Earnest
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Period: to
Wilde condemned to hard labour
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O. W. The ballad of the Reading gaol
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Period: to
Boer Wars vs. Dutch
because of expansion in Africa -
O. Wilde dies
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Freud The Interpretation of Dreams
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Period: to
Modernism
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J. C. Heart of Darkness
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George Orwell was born
Eric Blair -
Bloomsday: Nora makes her love clear to Joyce
The day in which Ulysses is set -
O. Wilde De Profundis
published posthumously -
Bergson's works are published
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J. Joyce Dubliners
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J. Joyce Ulysses was published in Paris
USA 1934
UK 1936 -
F. S. Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby
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J. Steinbeck Of mice and men was published
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James Joyce's death
v. woolf died in the same year, so it is seen as the end of modernism -
G. Orwell Animal Farm was published
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G. Orwell 1984 was published
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S. Beckett Waiting for Godot was published in French
he translated it himself in English 1954 -
Postmodernism