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Jhon Locke
John Locke (1632-1704) was a prominent English philosopher and physician, influential in the Enlightenment. His most famous work, "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding" (1690). In political philosophy, his work "Two Treatises of Government" (1690) introduced the theory of the social contract, arguing that government derives legitimacy from the consent of the governed. His ideas were foundational to the United States Declaration of Independence and the modern conception of human rights. -
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La Ilustración
La Ilustración fue un movimiento intelectual y cultural que tuvo lugar en Europa durante los siglos XVII y XVIII, aproximadamente desde finales del siglo XVII hasta finales del siglo XVIII. También se conoce como la "Edad de la Razón" o "Siglo de las Luces". Este movimiento buscaba aplicar la razón y la ciencia al entendimiento de todos los aspectos de la vida, incluyendo la política, la religión, la economía y la sociedad. -
La Enciclopedia
Las Enciclopedias del siglo XVIII son un fenómeno destacado dentro del contexto de la Ilustración. Publicada entre 1751 y 1772. La Enciclopedia fue concebida y editada por Denis Diderot y Jean le Rond d'Alembert. Su objetivo principal era compilar y difundir conocimientos en todas las áreas del saber humano. La obra pretendía reflejar los principios de la Ilustración, promoviendo la razón, el pensamiento crítico y la difusión del conocimiento. -
Montesquieu
Montesquieu was an influential French political philosopher and jurist of the Enlightenment. His most notable work is "The Spirit of the Laws" (1748), where he addresses political theory and proposes the separation of powers as a crucial principle to prevent the abuse of authority in government. Montesquieu had a significant influence on the modern conception of the separation of powers and left a lasting impact on political theory and the drafting of constitutions. -
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Revolución Industrial
La Revolución Industrial fue un período de transformación económica, social y tecnológica que tuvo lugar en Gran Bretaña durante la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII y principios del siglo XIX. Este proceso marcó un cambio significativo en la forma en que se producían bienes y se llevaban a cabo las actividades económicas, y sirvió como el catalizador para cambios profundos en la sociedad. -
Invención de la máquina de Vapor
La invención de la máquina de vapor es un hito crucial en la historia de la Revolución Industrial. Aunque varios inventores contribuyeron al desarrollo de esta tecnología, Thomas Newcomen y, posteriormente, James Watt son figuras destacadas. Thomas Newcomen construyó la primera máquina de vapor práctica en 1712 para bombear agua de las minas. Sin embargo, fue James Watt quien, en la década de 1760, perfeccionó la máquina, aumentando su eficiencia y aplicaciones. -
Declaración de Independencia de EEUU
Documento fundamental en la historia de este país y fue adoptado el 4 de julio de 1776. Fue redactado principalmente por Thomas Jefferson, con la colaboración de otros líderes como John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman y Robert R. Livingston. La Declaración de Independencia marcó el comienzo oficial de la separación de las Trece Colonias americanas del dominio británico y el establecimiento de los Estados Unidos como una nación independiente. -
Voltaire
Voltaire was a prominent French Enlightenment philosopher and writer known for his sharp critique of social and political injustices. Advocating for freedom of expression and religious tolerance. Voltaire's enduring impact lies in his contributions to Enlightenment ideals and the defense of human rights and freedom of thought. -
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) was a Swiss-French philosopher, writer, and musician whose ideas profoundly influenced the Enlightenment and the French Revolution. His most influential work is "The Social Contract" (1762), where he presents his theory of the social contract, arguing that sovereignty resides in the people and individuals must submit to the general will. Rousseau also advocated for natural education and the idea that humans are inherently good but corrupted by society. -
Denis Diderot
Denis Diderot (1713-1784) was a leading French philosopher and editor who played a key role in creating the Enlightenment-era Encyclopedia. His contributions significantly advanced the dissemination of enlightened ideas across diverse fields. Diderot's advocacy for equality and liberty is reflected not only in his editorial work but also in various writings, leaving a lasting impact on Enlightenment ideals. -
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Revolución Francesa
La Revolución Francesa fue un período caótico en la historia de Francia que tuvo lugar a finales del siglo XVIII, comenzando en 1789 y extendiéndose hasta 1799. Fue un acontecimiento fundamental que transformó no solo a Francia, sino también al mundo entero, ya que sus ideales y consecuencias inspiraron movimientos revolucionarios en muchas otras partes del mundo. -
Toma de la Bastilla
La Toma de la Bastilla fue un evento crucial en el inicio de la Revolución Francesa. Ocurrió el 14 de julio de 1789 y simboliza la lucha del pueblo francés contra el antiguo régimen monárquico y la opresión. -
Adam Smith
Adam Smith (1723-1790), a Scottish philosopher and economist, is renowned for his groundbreaking work, "The Wealth of Nations" (1776). Advocating for free-market principles and the concept of the "invisible hand," Smith asserted that individual self-interest contributes to the overall prosperity of society. His ideas have had a lasting impact on economic thought and policy, shaping the foundation of modern economics. -
Louis XVI
Louis XVI (1754-1793) was the last king of France before the French Revolution. His reign faced financial crises and social unrest. Unable to address these challenges effectively, the Revolution was triggered in 1789. Attempts to escape, abolition of the monarchy in 1792, and his execution by guillotine in 1793 marked key events in this tumultuous period. -
Maximilien Robespierre
Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794) was a prominent French revolutionary leader during the Reign of Terror in the French Revolution. Initially an advocate of republican ideals, his leadership became radicalized, leading to extreme measures, including executions. His role in the Committee of Public Safety ended with his arrest and execution in 1794. Robespierre personifies the violence and complexity of the French Revolution, associated with a dark period of repression and authoritarianism. -
George Washington
George Washington (1732-1799) was a key figure in American history, leading the Continental Army to victory in the Revolutionary War and serving as the first President of the United States. His leadership secured independence, and as president, he established foundational principles for the federal government. Washington's voluntary relinquishment of power after two terms set a crucial precedent, earning him the title "Father of His Country." -
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Imperio Napoleónico
El Imperio Napoleónico se refiere al período en el que Napoleón Bonaparte, el líder militar y político francés, gobernó gran parte de Europa desde 1804 hasta su derrocamiento en 1814. Este período está marcado por una serie de eventos y cambios significativos en la política, la sociedad y la guerra en Europa. -
Congreso de Viena
El Congreso de Viena fue una reunión diplomática que tuvo lugar en Viena, Austria, entre septiembre de 1814 y junio de 1815. Este congreso fue convocado con el objetivo principal de rediseñar el mapa político y territorial de Europa después de las Guerras Napoleónicas, que habían sacudido la región durante más de una década. -
James Watt
James Watt (1736-1819) was a Scottish engineer and inventor whose contributions to the steam engine had a significant impact on the Industrial Revolution. In the 1760s, Watt perfected Thomas Newcomen's steam engine, introducing key improvements such as the double-acting mechanism and separate condensation. These enhancements dramatically increased the efficiency and versatility of the steam engine, making it applicable to a variety of industries. -
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Revoluciones liberales (1820, 1830 y 1848)
Las Revoluciones Liberales de 1820, 1830 y 1848 fueron una serie de movimientos revolucionarios que se extendieron por Europa en el siglo XIX, impulsados por ideales liberales y nacionalistas. Estas revoluciones buscaban cambios políticos, sociales y, en algunos casos, la unificación nacional. -
Napoleón Bonaparte
Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) was a French military leader who became Emperor of France during the Napoleonic Wars. His military successes expanded the French Empire across Europe, but his defeat at Waterloo in 1815 led to exile on Saint Helena, where he died in 1821. Napoleon's legacy is marked by legal reforms, yet his ambitious expansionist policies fueled conflict throughout Europe. -
Thomas Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826), Founding Father of the United States, played a crucial role in drafting the Declaration of Independence in 1776, emphasizing the inalienable rights of "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." Serving as the third U.S. President, he advocated for public education. Jefferson's contributions extend beyond politics; he made impacts in architecture, agriculture, and the promotion of democratic ideals. -
George Stephenson
George Stephenson (1781-1848) was a British engineer known for designing the "Rocket," the first successful commercial steam locomotive. His innovation marked the beginning of widespread railway expansion, transforming global transportation during the Industrial Revolution. Stephenson's work laid the foundation for modern railway systems, leaving a lasting impact on the history of transportation. -
A.I.T
Movimiento político internacionalista que agrupa grupos políticos y organizaciones obreras de diferentes países. Su objetivo inicial era mantener el contacto para preparar la Revolución Universal. -
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, a French philosopher and anarchist, is known for coining the phrase "Property is theft." Considered the first anarchist theorist, he argued against private ownership and advocated for a system where workers collectively managed enterprises. Proudhon criticized both private property and the state, envisioning a decentralized, federated social organization. Despite disagreements with contemporaries, his influence persists in anarchist movements and political theory. -
Abraham Lincoln
Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865), the 16th President of the United States, led the nation during the Civil War, preserving the Union and issuing the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863. Known for his eloquence and commitment to democracy, Lincoln's legacy endures as a unifying figure and advocate for emancipation. -
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2ª Revolución Industrial
La Segunda Revolución Industrial fue un período de transformación económica y tecnológica que tuvo lugar a finales del siglo XIX y principios del siglo XX. Esta fase de la Revolución Industrial se caracterizó por avances en tecnologías como la electricidad, la química y la producción en serie, lo que llevó a cambios sustanciales en la producción, la industria y la sociedad en general. -
Mijail Bakunin
Mikhail Bakunin (1814-1876) was a Russian anarchist and revolutionary who critiqued authoritarianism and advocated for the abolition of the state. Active in 19th-century European revolutions, he proposed a society based on autonomous communes without central authority. Despite conflicts with other leftists, Bakunin's ideas remain influential in anarchist movements. -
Karl Marx
Karl Marx (1818-1883), a German philosopher and economist, is renowned for his influential critique of capitalism in "Capital." He proposed that historical progress is fueled by class struggle, advocating for the overthrow of capitalism and the establishment of a classless society. Marx's ideas have left a lasting impact on economics, sociology, and political thought, shaping discussions on societal structures and inequalities. -
Primero de Mayo
El 1 de mayo, conocido como el Día Internacional de los Trabajadores o el Primero de Mayo, es una fecha significativa que conmemora las luchas laborales y los logros del movimiento obrero en todo el mundo. La elección de esta fecha tiene sus raíces en los eventos de Haymarket Square en Chicago en 1886, que fueron parte de las protestas por la jornada laboral de ocho horas. -
Friedrich Engels
Friedrich Engels (1820-1895) was a German philosopher and revolutionary who, alongside Karl Marx, co-authored "The Communist Manifesto" (1848). Their influential works aimed at establishing a classless society by eliminating private property. Engels continued promoting their ideas after Marx's death, solidifying his role as a key theorist of socialism and communism. -
Thomas Alva Edison
Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931) was a pioneering American inventor and entrepreneur, best known for patenting the incandescent light bulb in 1879 and founding the first electric utility company. His pragmatic approach and over a thousand patents spanned various fields, shaping the landscape of electrical technology and earning him the title "The Wizard of Menlo Park."