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Yalta Conference
Where: Yalta, Ukraine
Who: United States (Roosevelt), Soviet Union (Stalin), Britain (Churchill)
What Happened: Redrew the lines of Germany near the end of WWII
How Did It Effect Liberalism: European countries would be allowed to have free elections in theory which was promoting liberalism -
Potsdam Conference
Where: Potsdam, Germany
Who: United States (Harry Truman), Soviet Union (Stalin), and Britain (Churchill and Clement Attlee)
What Happened: Agreed on reparations to be made and the United States warned Japan to surrender or else a powerful new weapon would be used on them. This was the official start of the Cold War
How Did It Effect Liberalism: This effected liberalism because Stalin and the Soviet Union did not want to give any European countries they liberated the choice of free elections. -
Hiroshima Bombing
Where: Hiroshima, Japan
Who: United States and Japan
What Happened: The United States dropped the first nuclear weapon ever used in combat, in Japan near the end of World War 2.
How Did It Effect Liberalism: This affected liberalism because no one had a weapon to counter the United States bomb and this meant they were the most powerful nation on globe at this time. This removed the freedoms that other nations had because they had to listen to the United States. -
Nagasaki Bombing
Where: Nagasaki, Japan
Who: United States and Japan
What Happened: The United States dropped the second and last nuclear weapon ever used in combat, in Japan which ended World War 2
How Did It Effect Liberalism: This affected liberalism because no one had a weapon to counter the United States bomb and this meant they were the most powerful nation on globe at this time. This removed the freedoms that other nations had because they had to listen to the United States. -
Truman Doctrine
Where: United States, Greece, Turkey
Who: Harry S. Truman
What Happened: The United States fought by creating alliances with other countries around the world, especially in Europe with this plan. The United States provided $400 million in aid to Greek and Turkish governments to defeat the appeal of communism in their countries.
How Did It Effect Liberalism: It positively and negatively effects liberalism becuase it gave Turkey and Greece the resources to fight communism but used money to bribe. -
Molotov Plan
Where: Soviet Union and Eastern Europe
Who: Soviet Union (foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov), Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgary, and East Germany
What Happened: The Molotov plan was the Soviets aid package to Eastern countries under their influence (their version of the Marshall Plan). Involving bilateral trade agreements that helped consolidate the economies of countries involved.
How Did It Effect Liberalism: Removed liberalism by joining Eastern Europe's economies together. -
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Marshall Plan
Where: United States and Europe
Who: United States (President Harry S. Truman) and 17 European countries
What Happened: The United States provided funds and technical expertise to 17 Western European countries. The US required that all recipients to sumbit a economic assessment and participate in a unified European economy.
How Did It Effect Liberalism: This removed liberalism on the European countries becuase the States imposed free market policies on Europe. -
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Brussels Treaty
Where: Brussels, Belgium (and Western Europe)
Who: Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom
What Happened: These nations created a collective defence alliance. Another goal of this treaty was to show the United States that Western European nations could work together and that the United States should get involved in European security.
How Did It Effect Liberalism: The Brussels treaty removed liberalism because it collectivized Western Europe to defend themselves. -
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Berlin Blockade
Where: West Germany
Who: Soviet Union, West Berlin, America, Britain, and France
What Happened: Stalin blocked all road, rail, and canal transport to West Berlin. The Berlin airlift was a result of this and American, British, and French forces flew supplies in for West Berliners to survive. Stalin finally lifted the blockage on May 12, 1949.
How Did It Effect Liberalism: This removed liberalism becuase West Berlin didn't have the freedom to do anything while they were blockaged. -
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NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
Where: North Atlantic Countries
Who: North Atlantic Countries (Canada is a founding member)
What Happened: Countries banded together and formed a military alliance designed to defend the member countrries from attack from Soviet Union and its allies.
How Did It Effect Liberalism: NATO removes liberalism because it is a collevtivist ideaology and it puts the group goals ahead of the the individuals countries goals which means less freedoms for each country. They sacraficed freedoms for security. -
Soviet Creation of Nuclear Weapons
Where: Soviet Union (Semipalatinsk which is modern day Kazakhstan)
Who: Soviet Union
What Happened: The Soviets finally discovered the secret of the atomic bomb and started creating nuclear weapons at a pace only rivalled by the United States. They used spies in the Manhattan Project to help them create this bomb.
How Did It Effect Liberalism: This removed liberalism around the world because now the Soviets could create weapons of mass destruction and this accelerated the Cold War with the US. -
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Korean War
Where: Korea
Who: North Korea, South Korea, China, US, Soviet Union, United Nations
What Happened: The North Koreas invaded South Korea and the UN said this was an invasion and backed South Korea (most of the military was from the US), China and Russia both sided with communist North Korea. A truce was signed in 1953 but both are still at war
How Did It Effect Liberalism: It affected liberalism positively for South Korea since it gave them military to fight the North Korean communist government. -
Stalin's Death
Where: Soviet Union
Who: Stalin and Nikita Khrushchev
What Happened: Stalin died after suffering a stroke and this set off a power struggle for the power of Soviet Union, which Nikita Khrushchev eventually won.
How Did It Effect Liberalism: This affected liberalism positively because after Stalin's death the Soviet Union changed and some of Soviet satellite states began to distance themselves from the Soviet Union over time (they were stopped by invasion later but they tried). -
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Warsaw Pact
Where: Soviet Union and Eastern Europe
Who: Soviet Union, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania
What Happened: The Soviet Union and 7 Soviet satellite states established a collective defence treaty in response to NATO.
How Did It Effect Liberalism: The Warsaw Pact removed liberalism because it collectivized the defence system of 8 countries and was let by a communist country (the Soviet Union). They now have to join a war if their allies got attacked. -
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Vietnam War
Where: Vietnam
Who: South Vietnam, North Vietnam, United States, Soviet Union
What Happened: The Soviet Union backed the communist North Vietnam and US supported South Vietnam. This was a proxy war between the US and Soviet Union.
How Did It Effect Liberalism: This war was fought because of the ideological differences between US and Soviet Union and it removed the liberalism of Vietnam because it interfered with their internal affairs by imposing their (SU and US) military's on Vietnam. -
Hungarian Revolution
Where: Hungary
Who: Hungary, Soviet Union
What Happened: The Hungarian people revolted against their Stalinist government and within two weeks a new democratic government was created. However, in November 1956 Soviet tanks rolled in and used force to defeat the new country. A pro-Soviet government was established.
How Did It Effect Liberalism: It removed all aspects of liberalism for Hungary because they were not allowed to make their own government/decision, the Soviets were in control. -
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NORAD (North American Aerospace Defense Command)
Where: Canada's northern shores
Who: Canada (John Diefenbaker) and the United States (General Glen D. VanHerck, USAF)
What Happened: The United States and Canada cooperated in building a united air defence system along Canada's northern shores.
How Did It Effect Liberalism: It removed liberalism because it took away the privacy of some nations because it added satallites in space. -
Fidel Castro Taking Over
Where: Cuba
Who: Cuba, Soviet Union, and America
What Happened: Fidel Castro led a socialist revolution in 1959 and overthew Batista's government (corrupt and pro-capitalist). Cuba then agreed to buy oil from the Soviets (same ideology as Cuba) and not buy any from America.
How Did It Effect Liberalism: The took away liberalism by removing land ownership after the revolution. Cuba also nationalized American refineries which meant they were owned by the state which removed free market policies. -
Bay of Pigs Invasion
Where: Bay of Pigs, Cuba
Who: Cuba and the United States
What Happened: US received over 1 million Cuban exiles after the revolution and trained them. They send 1511 members of them back and they landed on the southern coast of Cuba to retake the island. The invasion failed because of poor planning and inadequate support from the US military.
How Did It Effect Liberalism: This removed liberalism because America tried to impose their will on Cuba even though Cuba didn't want to be capitalist. -
Creation Of The Berlin Wall
Where: Berlin
Who: West Berlin, East Germany
What Happened: East German troops locked down the border between East Germany and West Berlin which essentially surrounded the city. The East German government claimed that the Wall was meant to protect themeselves against Western aggression.
How Did It Effect Liberalism: The Berlin Wall removed liberalism because it took away the rights and freedoms of West Berliners and East Berliners because they weren't allowed to leave their city. -
End of the Cuban Missile Crisis
Where: Cuba
Who: United States (John F. Kennedy), Soviet Union (Nikita Khrushchev), and Cuba
What Happened: Soviet-supported missile bases were being built in Cuba and ships carrying missiles that could be armed with atomic warheads were heading across the ocean to Cuba. US ordered a naval blockade on Cuba. Finally both nations came to an agreement by the Soviets removing missiles from Cuba and US not invading Cuba
How Did It Effect Liberalism: Lowered tension, realized how close to MAD they got -
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Nuclear Arms Treaties
Where: Earth
Who: NATO and Warsaw Pact countries
What Happened: Partial Test Ban Treaty (1963), Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (1963), Strategic Arms LImitation Talks (SALT - 1972), and Helsinki Accords (1975)
How Did It Effect Liberalism: This removed liberalism because countries were no longer able to build as many weapons as they wanted. On the other hand this increased liberalism because people had life, liberty, and security of person and didn't have to fear the two major superpowers. -
Czechoslovakia Revolution
Where: Czechoslovakia
Who: Czechoslovakia, Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Poland, and Hungary
What Happened: In the spring of 1968 Alexander Dubcek (a reformist) came to power in Czechoslovakia and granted more rights and freedoms to its citizens. In August 20, 1968 four countries from the Warsaw pact invaded Czechoslovakia and occupied it.
How Did It Effect Liberalism: At the beginning Czechoslovakia became more liberal and had more freedoms but by the end they were back to being a police state. -
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Afghanistan/Soviet War
Where: Afghanistan
Who: Afghanistan, United States (CIA), and Soviet Union
What Happened: In 1979 the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan and the CIA supplied resistance fighters with rifles and other arms in response. The Soviet Union finally retreated in 1989 and left behind a strong, well-armed resistance force (the Mujahideen)
How Did It Effect Liberalism: This removed liberalism for Afghanistan because the Soviet Union was trying to take it over and remove their sovereignty. -
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Solidarity in Poland
Where: Gdańsk, Poland
Who: Citizens of Poland and the Polish Government
What Happened: Solidarity was the first trade union to be recognized by the state in a country involved in the Warsaw Pact. They first were created on August 31, 1980 and it had over 10 million members by September 1981. They led to a new government being created in Poland in 1989.
How Did It Effect Liberalism: They helped create more liberalism in Poland by removing communism in Poland and giving workers more rights. -
Berlin Wall Falling
Where: Berlin, Germany
Who: Germany and citizens of East and West Germany
What Happened: The spokesperson for East Berlin's Communist party announced that as of midnight on November 9, 1989 citizens of East Germany would be allowed to come and go as they please.
How Did It Effect Liberalism: This was a great step towards liberalism for Germany because now they were free to travel and began to end the Cold War and started the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe. -
End Of The Cold War
Where: Earth (Europe mainly)
Who: United States and Soviet Union
What Happened: After the Berlin Wall fell communism began to fall apart and finally in 1989 the Cold War ended. When Gorbachev (leader of Soviet Union at the time) allowed multi-party free elections this partly led to the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the USSR
How Did It Effect Liberalism: This affected liberalism for good because nations were allowed to do what they wanted instead of being told what to do by superpowers.