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the spring of 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed by Congress and signed by President Chester A. Arthur.
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When the exclusion act expired in 1892, Congress extended it for 10 years in the form of the Geary Act. This extension, made permanent in 1902, added restrictions by requiring each Chinese resident to register and obtain a certificate of residence. Without a certificate, she or he faced deportation.
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The first large movement of blacks occurred during World War I, when 454,000 black southerners moved north.
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In 1943 Congress repealed all the exclusion acts, leaving a yearly limit of 105 Chinese and gave foreign-born Chinese the right to seek naturalization
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The so-called national origin system, with various modifications, lasted until Congress passed the Immigration Act of 1965.
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The Immigration Act of 1990 provided the most comprehensive change in legal immigration since 1965.