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The last pre-Islamic Persian Empire, ruled alongside the Roman Empire. Was succeeded by the Byzantine Empire.
Zoroastrianism: religion based on good vs evil (dualality), created the existence of Heaven & hell, later used in Christianity. Spread on silk roads. Sassanid Empire Wikipedia -
Arayans came & spread Hinduism & limited Buddhism
Women- rights were more resticted, create sati (widows burn themselves on the husbands funeral pyre)
Did not have high taxes- weak military, decentralized, easily invaded by the Huns
Called Golden Age for India due to political expansion
More accomplishments in math & science than the Mauryans
Caste system was basis for society
Creation of Bronze Gupta Empire Wikipedia -
When his journey to find the meaning of life had concluded, the Buddha realized that life is ruled by Four Noble Truths & following the Eight-Fold Path. Buddhism Wikipedia
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Recieved revelations from Allah, formed basis of Islamic religion. Acted as a prophet, not a god himself. Related back to Judaism & Christianity, last prophet in line of prophets from these religions. Muhammad Wikipedia
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600: Teotihuacan or height of power.
750: Teotihuacan destroyed.
900: Mayan classical period ended.
800-900: Many of the major urban centers of the Maya were abandonded or destroyed, although a small number of classic period centers survived for centuries. Mayans Wikipedia -
Split of Sunni vs Shia
Sunni follow any leader that rises to power in Islam.
Shia follow only direct decendants of Muhammad. Succession of Muhammad Wikipedia -
Umayyad conquest begining in Gibraltar. Toppled the Visigothic Kingdom and then moved into France, winning the Battle of Tours in 732.
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Followed the Umayyad and translated Greek writting to Arabic
Golden Age of Islam
Arabian Nights- progress in literature
Creation of Umma & Ulama- Islamic community & people in it, Ulama is group of relgious scholars
Abbasid Caliphate Wikipedia -
Series of religious wars sanctioned by the church and waged by the Holy Roman Empire for control of the Holy Land. Four main crusades:
First Crusade 1095–1099
Second Crusade 1147–1149
Third Crusade 1187–1192
Fourth Crusade 1202–1291 Results: opening of trade with Middle East, many Europeans remained in Middle East, cultural fusion Crusades Wikipedia -
most likely began from the islands of Fiji, Tonga and Samoa, spreading east, south, and north, covering millions of square miles of ocean sparsely dotted with islands.Polynesians migrated throughout the Pacific in sailing canoes, ultimately forming a triangle, whose points are Aotearoa (New Zealand) to the southwest, Rapa Nui (Easter Island) to the east, and the Hawaiian Archipelago to the north
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Height of Mississippian culture. Mound Builders Wikipedia
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Example of violent Islamic takeover
Introduced new water control systems
Raziya- brief woman ruler
Increased control over empire's outlying provinces & increased taxes
Dehli Sultanate Wikipedia -
Limited the rights of the king (King John) Magna Carta Wikipedia
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Center of trade in Africa- lucrative gold & salt trade
Example of peaceful spread of Islam Mali Empire Wikipedia -
1325: Aztecs began the construction of twin capitals, Tenochitlan and Tlatelolco.
1500: Great inequalities in wealth and privilege characterized Aztec society.
1502-1520: Montezuma II ruled Aztecs.
1500: Island capital was designed so that canals and streets intersected at right angles.
Tribute System: Human & Animal scrifices to the Gods Aztec Empire Wikipedia -
Mongol Khanates- moved capital to Bejing
Buddhism became prevelant
Ruled by Khublai Khan
Begining of the first corporations in China Yuan Empire Wikipedia -
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Between French King and Vassals, fighting over the throne.
Result: French monarchy wins
Joan of Arc- fought on the side of the french, Battle for city of Orleans, burned at the stake
100 Years War Wikipedia -
Results: lower population, living conditions improve due to less overcrowding in cities Black Death Wikipedia
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Return to traditional Chinese culture, moved capital to Nanjing. Closed off trade temporarily, but then Yongl reopened to trade and moved capital back to Bejing.
Mingware- famous pottery from the time
Zheng He- naval explorer for China Ming Empire Wikipedia -
Split creating Roman Catholic vs Eastern Orthodox
-Priests head up Eastern Orthodox, Pope heads Roman Catholic Western Schism Wikipedia -
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Important People: DaVinci, Michaelangelo, Machiavelli wrote "the prince", Shakespeare, Dante- Dante's Inferno, Galileo & Heliocentric Theory, Copernicus- uses math to determine Helocenticity, Gutenberg- printing press Renaissance Wikipedia
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1430s: Strong political leaders undertook campaign of military expansion.
1530: Height of Incan power, Cuzco had a population of less than 30,000.
1525: Crisis, death of Incan ruler, Huavna Capac, bloody struggle for power. Civil War lead to demise. Incan Empire Wikipedia -
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First to use the title Tsar
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Martin Luther rejects the authority of the Pope and Christian belief based on the Bible (Calvanists emerge).
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Major People: Copernicus, Galileo
Sparked new ideas on Law & Nature Scientific Revolution Wikipedia -
Ivan the Terrible or Awesome transformed principality from second rate power to primary competitor with Central Asia.
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Effects mainly Europe- decrease in agricultural production causes famine Little Ice Age Wikipedia
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Military centralized government.
Economic integration provided more trade routes.
Increased isolationism. -
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Navigation acts stated that English colonies could only trade with England.
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Taken by Duke of York.
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The Atlantic System was a triangle of trade between Europe, Africa, and the New World.
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The idea that government should refrain from interfering from economic affairs. Laissez-faire Wikipedia
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War for American independence from Britain due to unfair taxes and lack of representation.
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Series of articles uniting North America as a confederation of independent states.
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1787: Assembly of notables
1789: Storm of Bastille
1791 - 1792: French War with Austria/Prussia, and Declaration of the Rights of Man
1792 - 1794: Reign of Terror
1793: Beheading of Louis XVI -
Brilliant young general in French army seized power.
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Creating the start of Latin America's struggle for independence.
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Popular movement to overthrow Spanish colonial powers in Venezuela, Mexico, and Peru. Revolutionary Juntas seize power and declare independence.
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To re-establish political order in Europe, to recreate the balance of powers within the countries, central objective is to roll back the clock in France.
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"Rocket" used less coal than any other steam powered machine. They became important for big cities because they were a cheap and fast way to travel.
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Sparks WWI
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Chinese student revolution.
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Led by Ghandi in protest of salt tarriffs.
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Crash of the stock market.
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Founded by Mao Zedong PRC Wikipedia
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Allowed buddhism to spread for a short time, then revoked this right
Tributary system & used the Grand Canal Tang Empire Wikipedia -
Lots of technological advancements- water powered clocks, junks, gun powder, cannon, moveable type, astronomy developed, foot binding Song Empire Wikipedia
