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A period of transition from the murky middle ages to the modern era. Intellectuals at the time began to show increased interest in the civilizations of Greece and Rome. At this time, scholars broke free of religion and were now basing their thinking on belief in human dignity and potential, with humanist and secular thinking taking over in areas of education and art.
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An era of changing economies and systems that gradually improved and melded into the economic systems we know today, such as capitalism. some great introductions into capitalism were the introduction of the Double-entry bookkeeping, as well as joint-stock companies
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rulers of Austria from 1282 to 1918. Their impact and significance is summarized through their intense expansion throughout continental Europe, exemplifying themselves as powerful leaders with military conquest, as well as intellectuals through carefully chosen marriages. Their other impacts include the conquering of Portugal by Philip II as well as the countless Spanish dominions throughout America expanding with no end in sight (at the time)
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The spread of ideas like humanism and art throughout the northern regions of Europe. This Renaissance, in contrast to the Italian Renaissance, focused more on religion, naturalism in art was more human centered, artists focused on rendering exquisite details, artists depended on patrons for support, and Christians became critical of secular spirit in the church
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The Tudor Dynasty, founded by King Henry VII after he won the Wars of the Rose, was a series of Kings and Queens of England that had major influences on the religious state of the country such as the establishment of the Anglican church by Elizabeth I. During the same Elizabeth's reign, she secured the independence of France and the Dutch, assured the unity of England, and beat the Spanish and Irish rebels.
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Period of European expansion and colonization throughout the Atlantic Ocean that included the first interactions between Europeans and the American Natives. From this period came several sub-periods, all with their own impacts on different continents, containing the Colombian Exchange, the Triangle Trade, and the Atlantic Slave Trade. consequences ranged from horrible ceasing of populations to immense population growth
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A period of great exploration between Europe and the Americas. Kick-started by the king and queen of Portugal, Columbus set off to find a quick route to Asia that didn't go through the Middle East by going around the entire globe. Upon landing in America, a mass exchange of goods (and bads), with the New World receiving crops and, most notably, diseases, and the Old World receiving loads of new crops, metals, and animals.
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Had several messy affairs, and fathered some of the most influential and glorious to-be reigns that were Elizabeth I and Mary Tudor.
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Originating in the home of Great Britain, the Triangle Trade was a system of trades between Europe, Africa, and the Americas. In the system, Great Britain would send cloth, guns, and manufactured goods to Africa, which would send slaves and spices to the Caribbean and Americas, which would send iron, lumber, sugar, rum, tobacco, cotton, and many other crops back to Great Britain.
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Following King Henry VIII's youngest son who died at a young age, Mary Tudor assumed the thrown, and during her reign she restored papal supremacy in England, abandoned the title of the Head of the Church, reintroduced roman Catholic Bishops, and began reintroduction of monastic orders.
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Succeeded the throne after Queen Mary I. Her reign has been referred to as one of the most important and glorious in England's history. During her reign, she established the Elizabeth settlement with the goals being to meet a middle ground between Christians and puritans, acted in overseas expansion, had great military victories, and held the flowering cultural life that was cultivated by shakespeare
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The Slave trade all began when The White Lion (privateer) brought 20 enslaved Africans to the colony of Jamestown, Virginia. At the time, the work of plantations had begun to require more workers, as the native Americans that the colonists put in charge of working had begun to die off due to harsh conditions and exposure to diseases. As a result, the Europeans began to put Enslaved Africans to work, thus beginning the need and transfer of millions of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic.