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- Heliocentric system.
- Determined that the Earth rotates daily on its axis.
- Earth's motion affected what people saw in the heavens.
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- He created the Scientific Method.
- Contributed to plate tectonic theory .
- Also contributed to solid Earth geophysics.
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- He was the first to report telescopic observations.
- He invented an early microscope
- He invented a predecessor to the thermometer.
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- He invented analytic geometry.
- He devised a universal method of deductive reasoning.
- He investigated reports of esoteric knowledge.
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- He formulated laws of motion and gravitation.
- His discoveries in optics and mathematics.
- The basic principles of modern physics.
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- He wrote that man has three natural rights: life, liberty and property.
- Locke argued for a broadened syllabus and better treatment of students.
- Locke pioneered the ideas of natural law, social contract, religious toleration, and the right to revolution.
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- He was a philosopher and author.
- He was considered one of the founders of sociology as a scholarly discipline.
- He was among the most influential thinkers of the French Enlightenment.
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- He was a French writer, philosopher and art critic.
- Served as chief editor of the Encyclopédie.
- He was one of the originators and interpreters of the Enlightenment.
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- Swiss-born philosopher, writer, and political theorist.
- His treatises and novels inspired the leaders of the French Revolution and the Romantic generation.
- He is well known for his work On the Social Contract, which questioned the purpose and place of government and its responsibility for its citizens.
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- Voltaire was a French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher.
- He attacked the Catholic Church.
- And advocated freedom of religion, freedom of expression, and separation of church and state.
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- James Watt was a Scottish engineer, inventor, and chemist.
- Inventing the Watt steam engine, which converted steam back to water.
- Developing a rotary engine which mechanised weaving, spinning and transport.
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- He led the Continental Army to victory in the Revolutionary War.
- Helped create the U.S. Constitution. He served as the first president of the United States.
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- Thomas Jefferson, a spokesman for democracy, was an American Founding Father.
- The principal author of the Declaration of Independence.
- And the third President of the United States.
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- Smith is most famous for his 1776 book, The Wealth of Nations.
- His writings were studied by 20th-century philosophers, writers, and economists.
- Smith's ideas were, the importance of free markets, assembly-line production methods, and gross domestic product formed the basis for theories of classical economics.
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- Was one of the most influential, popular and prolific composers of the classical period.
- He composed over 600 works, including some of the most famous and loved pieces of symphonic, chamber, operatic, and choral music.
- Mozart is widely regarded as among the greatest composers in the history of Western music.
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- Maximilien Robespierre was a radical democrat and key figure in the French Revolution of 1789.
- Robespierre briefly presided over the influential Jacobin Club, a political club based in Paris.
- He also served as president of the National Convention and on the Committee of Public Safety.
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- Hidalgo is best remembered for his speech, the “Grito de Dolores”, which called for the end of Spanish colonial rule in Mexico.
- Hidalgo was recognized as the first insurgent and a founding father of Mexico.
- He is known as the Father of the Homeland for being one of the starters of the Mexican independence movement.
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- He was one of the most prominent political figures in the emancipation of South America.
- Leading role in the independence of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.
- His contribution to the founding processes of the present-day republics of Bolivia.