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Shay's Rebellion was an uprising brought about by a debt crisis at the Revolutionary War's end. Approx. 1500 men rebelled but faltered quickly. Regardless of that, it made them rethink their tax policies and debts of their citizens. https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/shays-rebellion
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The Bill of Rights is the first 10 amendments added to the constitution. They outline Americans' rights in relation to the government and are meant to protect our freedoms and rights. It was ratified in 1789, with 2 of the 12 bills being rejected. https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/bill-of-rights-transcript
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1789-1797 Federalist -
The Second Great Awakening was a religious movement in the United States from the 1790s to the 1830s. It encouraged people to improve their lives and do good works, like fighting for the end of slavery and helping the poor. This movement led to the growth of many churches and inspired social reform.
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Hamilton’s Financial Plan in 1790 was created to help the new U.S. government pay off its debts and build a strong economy. Alexander Hamilton wanted the government to take on state debts, create a national bank, and raise money through taxes. His plan helped strengthen the country’s finances and supported business growth.
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1797-1801 Democrat-Republican -
1801-1809 Federalist -
In 1800, congress passed an act making it illegal for Americans to interact in the slave trade between nations. The "Act Prohibiting the Importation of Slaves" took effect in 1808. Although, trading within America costs were still very prevalent.
https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/slave-trade.html#:~:text=An%20act%20of%20Congress%20passed,Slaves%22%20took%20effect%20in%201808. -
1809-1817 Democrat-Republican -
The War of 1812 was fought between the United States and Great Britain from 1812 to 1815. It happened because of trade problems, British attacks on American ships, and British support for Native American attacks. The war ended in a tie.
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1817-1825 Democrat-Republican -
The Temperance Movement began in the 1820s to try to stop people from drinking too much alcohol. Supporters believed alcohol caused problems like poverty and family violence. They wanted people to drink less or stop drinking completely to improve society.
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1825-1829 Democrat-Republican -
1829-1837 Democrat -
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The Indian Removal Act was a law passed in 1830 that allowed the U.S. government to move Native American tribes off their land. They were forced to move west of the Mississippi River. This led to the Trail of Tears, where thousands of Native Americans suffered and died during the journey. The law took away Native lands and caused great hardship for many tribes.
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In 1836, President Andrew Jackson vetoed the renewal of the Second National Bank because he thought it gave too much power to wealthy people and hurt regular citizens. He believed the bank was unfair and not controlled by the government. His veto led to a shift of money to state banks and caused economic problems later.
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1837-1841 Democrat -
1841-1841 Whig -
1841-1845 Whig -
The Great Famine in 1845 was a time when a disease ruined potato crops in Ireland, causing a severe food shortage. Many Irish people starved or had to leave their country to survive. A large number of them moved to the United States, looking for a better life.
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1845-1849 Democrat -
The Mexican-American War was fought from 1846 to 1848 between the United States and Mexico. It started after a disagreement over the border of Texas, which had become part of the U.S. The U.S. won the war and gained a large amount of land, including California and much of the Southwest.
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The Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 was the first women's rights meeting in the United States. Women and men gathered in New York to talk about equal rights, especially the right for women to vote. It started the fight for women's equality in America.
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1849-1850 Whig -
1850-1853 Whig -
1853-1857 Democrat -
The Kansas-Nebraska Act was a law passed in 1854 that allowed people in the Kansas and Nebraska territories to decide for themselves whether to allow slavery. This idea was called "popular sovereignty." The act canceled the Missouri Compromise, which had banned slavery in those areas. It led to violence in Kansas and increased tensions between the North and South before the Civil War.
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1857-1861 Democrat -
The Civil War was fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865 between the North (Union) and the South (Confederacy). The main cause was disagreement over slavery, especially whether it should spread to new states. The North won, slavery was ended, and the country stayed united.
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1861-1865 Republican -
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1865-1869 Democrat -
The 13th Amendment was added to the U.S. Constitution in 1865. It made slavery illegal in the United States. This amendment helped bring freedom to millions of enslaved people after the Civil War. It was an important step toward equal rights for all Americans.
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A few days after the Civil War ended, on April 14, 1865, Abraham Lincoln was shot and killed. He was watching a play at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., when John Wilkes Booth, who supported the Confederacy, shot him. Lincoln died the next morning, becoming the first U.S. president to be assassinated. His death surprised and saddened the country during a time when it was trying to recover.
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The 14th Amendment was added to the U.S. Constitution in 1868. It said that anyone born in the United States is a citizen, even if they were formerly enslaved. It also said all citizens must be treated equally by the law. This helped protect the rights of African Americans after the Civil War.
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1869-1877 Republican -
Jim Crow laws were rules in the South from the 1870s to 1965 that kept Black and white people separate. These laws made it legal to have different schools, bathrooms, and other public places for Black people and white people. They treated Black Americans unfairly and took away their rights. Jim Crow laws lasted for many years until the Civil Rights Movement helped end them.
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The 15th Amendment was added to the U.S. Constitution in 1870. It said people cannot be denied the right to vote because of their race or color. This allowed African American men to vote. It was an important part of making voting more available for everyone and fighting racism.
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The Reconstruction Acts were laws passed by Congress after the Civil War to help rebuild the South. They divided the Southern states into five military districts controlled by the U.S. Army. These laws also required Southern states to create new governments and accept the 14th Amendment. The goal was to protect the rights of former slaves and bring the South back into the United States.
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1877-1881 Republican -
1881-1885 Republican -
1881-1881 Republican -
The Chinese Exclusion Act was a law passed in 1882 that stopped Chinese workers from coming to the United States. It was the first U.S. law to ban a specific group of people based on their nationality. The law was created because some Americans were afraid Chinese immigrants were taking jobs. It led to years of unfair treatment and discrimination against Chinese people.
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The Settlement House Movement began in the mid-to-late 1880s to help poor people, especially immigrants, in big cities. Settlement houses gave them things like education, job training, and healthcare. One famous leader of this movement was Jane Addams, who started Hull House in Chicago.
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1885-1889 Democrat -
1889-1893 Republican -
1893-1897 Democrat
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1897-1901 Republican -
The Spanish-American War happened in 1898 between the United States and Spain. It started because the U.S. wanted to help Cuba gain independence from Spain. After a short war, the U.S. won and gained control of places like Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.
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1901-1909 Republican -
1909-1913 Republican -
1913-1921 Democrat -
World War I, or WWI, was a global war that lasted from 1914 to 1918. The United States joined in 1917 to help the Allies fight against the Central Powers. The war changed many countries and led to big political and social changes around the world.
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The Tulsa Race Massacre happened in 1921 when a white mob attacked the Black community of Greenwood in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Known as "Black Wall Street," Greenwood was a wealthy neighborhood that was destroyed in the violence. Many people were killed, and homes and businesses were burned down. It was one of the worst racial attacks in American history.
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1921-1923 Republican -
The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) was first introduced in 1923 to make sure men and women had the same legal rights. It aimed to end laws that treated people differently based on gender. Even though it was talked about for many years, it still hasn’t become part of the Constitution.
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1923-1929 Republican -
The Great Depression began in 1929 after the stock market crashed, causing millions of people to lose their jobs and savings. Banks failed, businesses closed, and many families struggled to afford basic needs. It was the worst economic crisis in U.S. history.
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1929-1933 Republican -
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The Dust Bowl in the 1930s was a time when huge dust storms hit the central U.S. because of a long drought and poor farming practices. The storms ruined farms, killed crops, and forced many families to leave their homes. Many moved west, especially to California, looking for work and a better life.
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The New Deal was a set of programs and laws started by President Franklin D. Roosevelt from 1933 to 1936 to help the U.S. recover from the Great Depression. It created jobs, helped the poor, and made changes to prevent future economic problems. The New Deal gave hope to many Americans during a very hard time.
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1933-1945 Democrat -
World War II, or WWII, was a global war from 1939 to 1945 involving many countries, including the United States. The U.S. joined after Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in 1941. The war ended with the defeat of the Axis powers and led to major changes in the world’s politics and power.
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Japanese Internment happened in 1942 during World War II, after Japan attacked Pearl Harbor. The U.S. government forced over 100,000 Japanese Americans to leave their homes and live in prison-like camps. Most of them were American citizens who had done nothing wrong. This was a time of fear and unfair treatment based on race.
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The Zoot Suit Riots happened in 1943 in Los Angeles, California. U.S. sailors and soldiers attacked young Mexican Americans who wore zoot suits, a popular style at the time. The fights were caused by racism and tensions during World War II. Police often arrested the victims instead of the attackers.
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1945-1953 Democrat -
The Cold War was a long period of tension and competition between the United States and the Soviet Union from about 1947 to 1991. They didn’t fight directly but competed in things like weapons, space, and ideas. It ended when the Soviet Union broke apart and the U.S. became the main world power.
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The Korean War happened from 1950 to 1953 when North Korea, supported by China and the Soviet Union, invaded South Korea. The United States and other countries helped South Korea fight back. The war ended in a tie, with Korea still divided into North and South.
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The Vietnam War was a conflict from the 1950s to 1975 between communist North Vietnam and non-communist South Vietnam. The United States joined to try to stop the spread of communism. The war ended with North Vietnam winning and the country becoming united under communism.
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1953-1961 Republican -
The Red Power Movement was a group of Native Americans in the 1960s and 1970s who fought for their rights and better treatment. They wanted to protect their land, culture, and legal rights. The movement helped bring attention to Native American issues and led to important changes in laws and policies.
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The Chicano Movement, from the 1940s to the 1970s, was a fight by Mexican Americans for equal rights in the United States. They wanted better schools, fair jobs, and respect for their culture. The movement helped bring attention to the problems Mexican Americans faced and pushed for big changes.
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1961-1963 Democrat -
1963-1969 Democrat -
1969-1974 Republican -
The Stonewall Riots happened in 1969 in New York City after police raided a gay bar called the Stonewall Inn. People in the LGBTQ+ community fought back, standing up against unfair treatment. These riots became a key moment in the fight for LGBTQ+ rights in the United States.
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1974-1977 Republican -
1977-1981 Democrat -
1981-1989 Republican -
The Second National March on Washington in 1987 was a large protest for LGBTQ+ rights. Thousands of people came to Washington, D.C. to demand equal treatment, action against the AIDS crisis, and an end to discrimination.
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1989-1993 Republican -
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1993-2001 Democrat -
2001-2009 Republican -
2009-2017 Democrat -
2017-2021 Republican -
2021-2025 Democrat -
2025- present