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Vitus Bering commissioned by Peter the Great of Russia. Northwestern North America claimed by Russia.
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Russians begin hunting the sea otter in large quantities.
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Juan Perez explores the west coast and discovers Prince of Wales Island and Dixon Sound.
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Looks for the Northwest Passage. Finds Cook Inlet in 1778, King Island, Norton Sound, Unalaska.
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Gregoril Shelikhov and his group created the first permanent Russian post in Alaska. This allowed them to save on travel costs and work in partnership with the natives. Located at Three Saints Bay, Kodiak
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First Russian Orthodox missionaries came to Alaska. They taught the natives and ways of Christianity. The missionaries typically defended and supported the natives and accepted their culture and language when teaching them
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Old Sitka created as a Russian post. Trade charters give exclusive rights to RAC.
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by Tlingits. Counter attack by Russians in 1804. Trading post is re-established.
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First trip sent to China for trade.
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No foreigners allowed in Russian-American waters, except at regular ports of call.
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Veniaminov worked with the Native leaders to develop alphabets for their languages. They translated different Russian texts to their language. While learning more about their culture, he taught the Natives skills such as carpentry and brick laying. Veniaminov moves to Sitka in 1834
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Discovered: Nushagak, Kuskokwim, Yukon, Koyukuk Rivers.
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Found by Russian explorer-trappers in Cook Inlet
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Coal Harbor on the Kenai Peninsula
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on Stikine River near Telegraph Creek
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Russia realizes Alaska is more of a liability than a helpful resource.
Russia sells Alaska to America. The natives were not pleased of the sale since the Russian never technically owned the land. The US saw the benefits of expanding America's trade and influence in Asia along with the opportunities of whaling, fishing, and fur trade. -
Financial struggles force the sale for 7.2 million or 2 cents an acre.
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Residents of Sitka formed a civil government and bought a building and a teacher for the school. It quickly shut down once the teacher was notified of a pay cut from $75 to $20 a month.
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Sitka, British Columbia, Juneau
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Sheldon Jackson initiated policies to change the educational system. He was able to setup six Presbyterian mission schools and encourage other missionaries to create schools. The ultimate goal was to convert Alaska Natives into American Protestant Christians.
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First in Alaska at Klawock and Sitka
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One for natives and one for non-natives.
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First commercial herring fishing begins at Killisnoo.
1st two central Alaska salmon canneries build
US navy bombs and burns Tlingit village of Angoon -
Law that brought civil government to Alaska and allowed for public education. Sheldon Jackson helped create the law and wanted integrated schools but felt pressure to keep schools segregated. Native Languages were looked down upon.
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Jackson's role in Alaska was to supply education to the children. Several schools were created, but separated for white and Native children. Jackson believed the Native children needed to become civilized and started by banning use of Native Languages in all schools.
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Afognak Reserve established
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Brought over 100,000 people to northern part of Alaska; doubling the state's population.
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President Theodore Roosevelt established the Tongass National Forest
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From Seattle to Sika to Valdez which links Alaska to the outside
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Telegraph links Fairbanks and Valdez. Alaska Railroad Commission established
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Natives given land
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Gold discovered at Ruby
Chugach National Forest, largest US forest, created by presidential proclamation. -
US, UK, Canada, Russia, Japan for fur seals and sea otters.
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Only one owned and operated by US government.
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Alaskans vote in favor of prohibition 2 to 1
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School opens operating out of one building and having six students. later in 1935 it becomes known as the University of Alaska.
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William Paul (Tlingit) elected to AK legislature. Airmail delivery begins in AK
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A study to see how education in Alaska has been going since America has been involved. It detailed many of the failures seen and offered many suggestions for remediating the issue, but to this day many of the policies have not been enacted.
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Resolved by court case
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Juneau, Ketchikan, Nome
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provided for Indian political self-government and economic self-determination by allowing tribes to organize and incorporate.
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The government worked with local entities to provide federal funds to help defray expenses incurred for the education of American Indians and Alaska Natives. Not entered until 1952
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Alaska Native tribes were granted special permission to establish "village" governments and constitutions since they were not the same as Natives in the Lower 48.
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Fort Richardson and Elmendorf Air Force Base
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Alaska Highway built as a result in 8 months. Links Anchorage with the rest of the nation
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1st legislation in US since post-Civil War.
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10-1 vote
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plywood begins in Juneau
pulp mill in Ketchikan
1st AK TV channel -
2 senators and 1 rep under the TN plan
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There was legislation passed in the 1950s that did provide additional financial assistance to public schools
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The state and federal school systems were still a dual presence in rural Alaska
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Secretary of the Interior, Stewart Udall, appointed a Task Force on Indian Affairs in 1961, a White House Task Force on the American Indian was appointed in 1966, and a special Senate subcommittee investigation in 1968 and 1969 was initiated to examine "the failure of the public schools to educate and assimilate Indian students"
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Provided not only Headstart and Community Action Programs (e.g., RuralCAP) in which many Alaska Native people and village governments participated but it also created a model for collaboration between the federal government and local communities.
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Now most infrastructure in AK can withstand stronger quakes.
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It was designed to meet the special needs of children in low-income families, and it included special appropriations to public school districts enrolling American Indian and Alaska Native children. Created a National Advisory Council on Indian Education who were responsible for advising about the education of Natives Americans.
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"Land freeze" to protect Native lands
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The first United States federal legislation that recognized the needs of limited English speaking ability (LESA) students.
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The study provided a comprehensive examination of the status of Indian education at that time.
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Titles II through VII comprise the Indian Civil Rights Act, which applies to the Native American tribes of the United States and makes many, but not all, of the guarantees of the Bill of Rights applicable within the tribes
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The discovery of oil and the subsequent passage of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act provided the State of Alaska with a great deal of money, and provided Native people with power and economic status they had not previously held. The discovery of the rich oil fields finally provided the impetus for the state and federal governments to enter into serious negotiations on a comprehensive settlement of the long-standing land and compensation disputes with the Native people of Alaska.
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It provided grants to Indian tribes, institutions, and organizations, or to state and local agencies, to develop and implement projects to improve educational opportunities for Indian children and to establish adult education programs.
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The class-action suit, charging discriminatory practice on the part of the state, was filed by Alaska Legal Services, on behalf of rural secondary-aged students, for not providing local high school facilities for predominantly Native communities when it did for same-size, predominantly non-Native, communities. During the year after settlement of the case nearly 30 new high schools were established
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Had the outward intent of providing increased opportunities for local control (i.e., authority for tribes to contract directly with the BIA to conduct or administer all or part of the Indian programs conducted by the federal Department of the Interior). Twenty-one separate rural school districts, Regional Educational Attendance Areas (REAAs), were established. REAAs are involved in establishing policies for budgets, hiring, curriculum development and assessment and gove't funding.
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Created to insure long term benefits from oil revenues.
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Established statewide satellite communications network
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receive at least 25% of all state oil revenues and related income
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Runs 800 miles from Prudhoe Bay to Valdez to transport oil.
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In Alaska, these amendments further increased federal incentives favoring community control of BIA day schools, including the hiring and firing of teachers and the design of curriculum.
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New subsistence hunting and fishing bill
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Conducted a comprehensive study of the social and economic status of Alaska Natives and the effectiveness of the policies and programs of the United States and of the State of Alaska that affect Alaska Natives. Conducted public hearings and to recommend specific actions to Congress and the State of Alaska that might help assure that Alaska Natives have life opportunities comparable to other Americans.
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Subsistence still an issue for state gov't, taken over by federal.
Exxon Valdez settlement -
Today, nearly all Alaska students attend elementary and secondary school in one of three settings: village schools, rural regional centers and/or road system/marine highway schools, or urban schools. Alaska's educational history has essentially been one of a gradual movement toward self-determination and local control. The paradox in a system that requires the government to provide education for Native Americans while at the same time promoting self-determination has not yet been resolved.
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Described a blueprint for changes regarding the way in which the federal and state governments dealt with Alaska Native issues.
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For the first time in the history of schooling in Alaska, Native people are defining education in their own terms. Cultural standards, relevant curriculum, Native educators, elders responsible for policies, reform that is meaningful to tradition and language.
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The conflicts escalated as a result of actions ranging from the U.S. Supreme Court's 1998 decision to deny two Athabascan villages their request for Indian country status, to a significant legislative change in the state's funding formula that negatively impacted rural schools and communities where the population is primarily Alaska Native.
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Creates a rift between the reform by Native Alaskans and the state legislature. Students are required to pass state exams to receive a diploma, complete benchmark testing, provide quality educational experiences