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Laissez Faire
The doctrine of noninterference, especially by the government, in matters of economics or business
(literally, "leave alone"). Belief that government should stay out of the private sphere, and market takes care of itself. -
Temperance Movement
the moderation or abstention in the use of alcohol gained many supporters in the early 1800s. Their crusade against alcohol, which grew out of the Second Great Awakening, became a powerful social and political force. -
YMCA
Young Men's Christian Association, a spiritual organization meant to provide healthy activities for young workers in the cities. -
Bessemer Process
A process for converting iron into the much more durable and versatile steel; process consisted of blowing air through molten iron to burn out the impurities. This made possible the production of steel in great quantities and large dimensions, for use in manufacture of locomotives, steel rails, and girders for the construction of tall buildings. -
Horizontal Integration
A technique used by John D. Rockefeller. An act of joining or consolidating with ones competitors to create a monopoly. Rockefeller was excellent with using this technique to monopolize certain markets. It is responsible for the majority of his wealth. -
Vertical Integration
was pioneered by tycoon Andrew Carnegie. It is when you combine into one organization all phases of manufacturing from mining to marketing. This makes supplies more reliable and improved efficiency. It controlled the quality of the product at all stages of production. -
Period: to
Transforming the West
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Homestead Act
This act was endorsed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on May 20th 1862; this act reassured western migration by accommodating settlers with 160 acres of public land; In return homesteaders paid a small fee and were required to complete five years of residence -
Morill Land Grant College Act
Act of 1862 that transferred substantial public acreage to the state governments, which were to sell the land and use the proceeds to finance public education. This act led to many land-grant institutions -
Exodusters
Former slaves who migrated west for better opportunity. Some were successful, but many will settle in bad land and lacked money. They relocate back to the south or continue out further west. -
Robber Barons
Refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages. They also drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it. Then when they controlled the market, they hiked prices high above original price. -
Cornelius Vanderbilt
The railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical. This man was one of the few railroad owners to be just and not considered a "Robber Barron" -
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Becoming an Industrial Power
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Ku Klux Klan
domestic militant organizations in the United States, originating in the southern states and eventually having national scope, that are best known for advocating white supremacy and acting as terrorists while hidden behind conical hats, masks and white robes. The KKK has a record of terrorism, violence, and lynching to intimidate, murder, and oppress African Americans, Jews and other minorities and to intimidate and oppose Roman Catholics and labor unions. -
Transcontinental Railroad
a railroad that connected the eastern United States to the western United States. The railroad firmly bonded the West Coast the Union, created a trade route to the far-east, and helped the western expansion -
Graft
The corrupt acquisition of funds, through outright theft or embezzling or through questionably legal methods like kickback or insider trading -
George Armstrong Custer
Former General during the Civil War, he set out in 1874 with his Seventh Cavalry to return the Plains Indians to the Sioux reservation. Defeated by an army that outnumbered his men 10 to 1 -
Battle of Little Big Horn
The government ordered all Sioux to leave their territory to put a stop to raids. This broke out into a battle that took place near the Little Bighorn River. -
Monopolies
A few or one powerful individual controlling a sector of the economy. Some of the first railroads. Railroad men would bribe elected officials.Also had manipulated stock prices -
Period: to
The Gilded Age
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Salvation Army
A Protestant church established in 1865, came from England in 1880 and sought to provide food, shelter, and employment to the urban poor, preached temperance and morality -
Native Americans
Hundreds of Native tribes still roam the plains. Introduction to the horse changed the range of plains Indians, also increased conflict with other tribes and whit settlers. The buffalo was the center of survival. -
Chinese Exclusion Act
Outlawed Chinese immigration for 10 years and explicitly denied naturalization rights to Chinese in the U.S. (not allowed to become U.S. citizens) Signed into law by Chester B. Arthur. -
Railroads
Numerous tracks, new transportation network. Opened up new lands for farming, farmers sold products on the national market. Allowed for ranching and farming. Many towns boomed into major cities. Time zones were created for departures and arrivals of trains. -
Pendleton Act
enacted civil service reform, said the Civil Service Exam must be taken in order to receive most government jobs (highest scores got the jobs), banned federal employees from giving campaign money to their party -
Interstate Commerce Commission
Federal regulatory agency often used by rail companies to stabilize the industry and prevent ruinous competition -
Andrew Carnegie
steel king; integrated every phase of his steel-making operation. Ships, railroads, etc. pioneered "Vertical Integration" ; his goal was to improve efficiency by making supplies more reliable controlling the quality of the product at all stages of production and eliminating the middle man -
Hull House
It was one of the first settlement houses in the U.S. and eventually grew into one of the larges, its main purposes were to provide social and educational opportunities for working class people in the neighborhood, many of whom were recent immigrants. There were classes in literature, history, art, domestic activities such as sewing, and many other subjects, concerts free to everyone, free lectures on current issues, and clubs both for children and adults. -
Jane Addams
1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's Intenational League for Peace and Freedom. HULL HOUSE -
Nativism
Native-born Americans who wanted to slow or stop immigration. Partially racism. Some argued that the new immigrants were inferior to the Americans. Some viewed immigrants with contempt as they viewed blacks and Indians. Their evidence for claims were the slums in which they lived -
Spoils System
Jackson's patronage system, which allowed men to buy their way into office, an also friends or supporters of the group in power. This resulted in a very corrupt governmental office. -
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
The first law to limit monopolies in the United States. This wanted to create a fairer competition in the workforce and to limit any take-over's of departments of merchandise. -
Period: to
Imperial America
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City Beautiful Movement
movement in environmental design that drew directly from the beaux arts school. architects from this movement strove to impart order on hectic, industrial centers by creating urban spaces that conveyed a sense of morality and civic pride, which many feared was absent from the frenzied new industrial world. -
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Progressive Era
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Election of 1896
Between William Bryan and Mckinley-Mckinley (Republican) won because he had big party bosses behind him-Mark Hanna-large issue was silver -
Plessy v Ferguson
Supreme Court case about Jim Crow railroad cars in Louisiana; the Court decided by 7 to 1 that legislation could not overcome racial attitudes, and that it was constitutional to have "separate but equal" facilities for blacks and whites. -
Battle of Manilla Bay
Marked the end of the wooden navy, US Steel Navy destroyed Spanish navy with one US fatalities -
Treaty of Paris
Brought a formal end to the Spanish-American war. It confirmed the terms of the armistice concerning Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Guam. American negotiators had startled the Spanish by demanding that they also cede the Philippines to the U.S, but an offer of 20 million for the islands softened Spain's resistance. The Spanish accepted the Americans terms. -
Yellow Journalism
journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers; popularized in the late nineteenth century by Jospeh Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst -
Philippine American War
1899-1902: fought to quell Filipino resistance to American control of the Philippine Islands. Filipino guerrilla soldiers finally gave up when their leader, Emilio Aguinaldo, was captured. -
Open Door Policy
Statement of U.S. foreign policy toward China. Issued by U.S. secretary of state John Hay (1899), the statement reaffirmed the principle that all countries should have equal access to any Chinese port open to trade. -
Boxer Rebellion
1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops -
Election of 1900
The Republicans nominated William McKinley on a platform that advocated imperialism while the Democrats chose William J. Bryan on a platform of free silver. During the election, the Republicans professed that free silver would end U.S. prosperity. McKinley won the election with an overwhelming victory in the urban areas. -
Susan B Anthony
social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association. -
Big Stick Policy
Teddy Roosevelt's foreign policy. It eluded to his philosophy that a nation should speak softly (diplomatically) but carry a big stick (be able to use force when necessary). Using this philosophy, Roosevelt forced others around the world (but especially in Latin America) to recognize US interests. -
Meat Inspection Act
Passed in 1906 largely in reaction to Upton Sinclair's The Jungle, the law set strict standards of cleanliness in the meatpacking industry. -
Gentleman agreement
An agreement with Japan where Japan agreed to limit immigration, and Roosevelt agreed to discuss with the San Francisco School Board that segregation of Japanese children in school would be stopped. The agreement prevented a war that would have been caused by California, who was in Japan's eyes, oppressing their children. -
Muller v Oregon
Oregon enacted a law that limited women to ten hours of work in factories and laundries. Muller challenges it after he orders a female employee to work longer hours. -
Dollar Diplomacy
President William Howard Taft's foreign policy was called 'Dollar Diplomacy'. Taft sought to address international problems by extending American investment overseas, believing that such activity would both benefit the US economy and promote stability abroad. -
Square Deal
Roosevelt's policy of having the federal government promote the public interest by dealing evenhandedly with both labor and business -
Bull Moose Party
The Republicans were badly split in the 1912 election, so Roosevelt broke away forming his own Progressive Party (or Bull Moose Party because he was "fit as a bull moose..."). His loss led to the election of Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson, but he gained more third party votes than ever before. -
Election of 1912
Presidential campaign involving Taft, T. Roosevelt, and Woodrow Wilson. Taft and Roosevelt split the Republican vote, enabling Wilson to win -
17th amendment
Passed in 1913, this amendment to the Constitution calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures. -
Upton Sinclair
muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen. -
Federal Reserve Act
Created the new Federal Reserve Board, which oversaw a nationwide system of twelve regional reserve districts, each with its own central bank, and had the power to issue paper money ("Federal Reserve Notes"). -
Central powers
The Central Powers consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. They formed prior to the Triple Entente and were called the Triple Alliance. DIPLOMATIC. -
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World War 1
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Archduke Franz Ferdinad
This man was assassinated while paying a state visit to Sarajevo. This man was heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and he was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist. His assassination is what began the war. -
Allied powers
Military alliance during WWI consisting of more than 20 nations including Russia, France, and Britain -
Zimmerman Telegram
supposedly sent from Germany's foreign secretary, Arthur Zimmerman, to the German minister in Mexico City; Zimmerman urged Mexico to join the Central Powers and in return they would help Mexico get back the territory that US had acquired; this telegram caused US to enter WWI -
Russian Revolution
Communists not involved
Led by women, farmers and underpaid workers, a group of revolutionaries toppled the regime in the winter of 1917. This would mark the beginning of a violent process of civil war. The Czar was removed. This took Russia out of WWI -
Pancho Villa
Mexican revolutionary who killed many Americans in Mexico. The United States sent John J Pershing to capture him but never did. -
Espionage Act
United States federal law passed shortly after entering World War I, on June 15, 1917, which made it a crime for a person to convey information with intent to interfere with the operation or success of the armed forces of the United States or to promote the success of its enemies. The legislation was passed at the urging of President Woodrow Wilson, who feared any widespread dissent in time of war, thinking that it constituted a real threat to an American victory. -
Gavrilo Princip
ember of Serbian Black Hand
-assassinated Franz Ferdinand as protest to A-H domination of Balkan area and support for Serbia and Bosnia to join together -
U-boat
a German submarine that was the first submarine employed in warfare, initially used during WWI -
Sedition Act
added to Espionage Act to cover "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the American form of government, the Constitution, the flag, or the armed forces. -
18th amendment
prohibition of alcoholic beverages -
Radio
large networks were developed that helped broadcast radio programs to multiple stations -
Period: to
1920s
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19th amendment
guaranteed women the constitutional right to vote -
19th amendment
gave women the right to vote, but little changed for them politically or economically; even though they could vote, many didn't -
Immigration Act of 1924
Cut quotas for foreigners from 3% to 2%. Varying countries were only allowed to send a certain number of its citizens to America each year -
Harlem Renaissance
black artistic movement in New York City in the 1920s, when writers, poets, painters, and musicians came together to express feelings and experiences, especially about the injustices of Jim Crow -
Charles Lindbergh
made the first solo nonstop flight from Ney York to Paris; thought of as a hero and celebrity -
Al Capone
Most famous leader of organized violence, who began 6 years of gang warfare in Chicago in 1925; eventually convicted (for tax evasion); gangs participated in prostitution, gambling, and narcotics; bribed police to ignore, demanded payment from businesses and infiltrated unions; led St. Valentine's Day Massacre of 1929 -
Period: to
The Great Depression
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St. Valentine's Day Massacre
Six people killed, led by Al Capone and rival gangs in gang tensions; could not be convicted -
October 20, 1929
result of unregulated financial speculation; U.S. banks made large loans to customers, but stock prices collapsed and they could not repay the banks. -
Black Tuesday
This date signaled a selling frenzy on Wall Street--days before stock prices had plunged to desperate levels. Investors were willing to sell their shares for pennies on the dollar or were simply holding on to the worthless certificates. -
Dust Bowl
Parts of Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas that were hit hard by dry topsoil and high winds that created blinding dust storms; this area of the Great Plains became called that because winds blew away crops and farms, many farmers were left without money and crops -
Emergency Relief Act
Gave the president the power to regulate banking transactions and foreign exchange and to reopen solvent banks in order to inflate the economy. -
Election of 1932
In this election, a fresh and energetic Franklin Delano Roosevelt ran against the hapless Hoover. FDR pushed his ambiguous "new deal", and the public ate it up. The election ended in a landslide for FDR -
Brain Trust
Specialists in law, economics, and welfare, many young university professors, who advised President Franklin D. Roosevelt and helped develop the policies of the New Deal. -
The New Deal
programs to combat economic depression enacted a number of social insurance measures and used government spending to stimulate the economy; increased power of the state and the state's intervention in U.S. social and economic life. -
Glass Steagall- Act
This act forbade commercial banks from engaging in excessive speculation, added $1 billion in gold to economy and established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). -
Bank Holiday
FDR closes all American banks for 4 days. Congress meets to discuss legislation, creates a great sense of relief for the public -
21st Amendment
Repealed the 18th amendment, transportation and importation of liquors is prohibited, and should not be in-operated unless ratified as an amendment and approved by several states -
Neutrality Act
prohibited sale of arms to belligerents in a war; banned loans to belligerents; citizens cannot travel to countries at war or travel on armed ships; passed to prevent American involvement in future overseas wars -
Period: to
World War 2
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German Soviet Non-Aggressive Pact
signed by Hitler and Stalin, said that the Germans and Soviets would not fight each other/invade each other for 10 years, allowed the Germans to invade Poland soon after pact was signed -
Cash and Carry
policy adopted by the United States in 1939 to preserve neutrality while aiding the Allies. Britain and France could buy goods from the United States if they paid in full and transported them. -
Angel Island
main immigration processing station in the west coast in San Francisco, mainly Chinese -
Dunkirk
Also known as Operation Dynamo, this was a military evacuation of 340,000 British and French troops.
Germany halted in attack. -
Battle of Britain
an aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe (air force), which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance. -
Executive Order 9066
authorized the Secretary of War and the U.S. Armed Forces to declare military areas from which any or all persons may be excluded. Did not specify nationality or ethnic group but led to the relocation of Japanese Americans to internment camps -
Rosie the Riveter
Rosie the Riveter is a cultural icon of World War II, representing the women who worked in factories and shipyards during World War II, many of whom produced munitions and war supplies -
Quebec Conference
FDR, Churchill, Combined Chiefs of Staff. reaffirmed Normandy (Overlord), with landings in south France (Anvil, later Dragoon). agreement about military operations in Far East: SE Asia command, Lord Louis Mountbatten. Chiefs of Naval Staffs reported Allies won Atlantic Battle. -
D-Day
allied forces under dwight d. eisenhower landed on the beaches of normandy in history's greatest naval invasion. Led to the German's surrender -
Internment camps
The US forced thousands of Japanese Americans in camps and sold there land and shop, this did this because they were suspicious of them because of pearl harbor, they soon realized their mistake -
Wounded Knee
The Wounded Knee Massacre, also known as The Battle at Wounded Knee Creek, was the last major armed conflict between the Lakota Sioux and the United States, subsequently described as a "massacre" by General Nelson A. Miles in a letter to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs.
